'Pamene Chisilamu chinadzadzidzimuka m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri AD dziko lachikhristu linali kugawanikana, mikangano ndi kulimbirana mphamvu zomwe zidasokoneza Kum'mawa ndi Kumadzulo kutsutsana wina ndi mzake; madera onsewa anayeneranso kulimbana mkati mwa mikangano yakuya ndi kusiyana maganizo.« Umu ndi momwe zimayambira Oxford History of Islam nkhani yake "Chisilamu ndi Chikhristu".
Kuchokera m’malongosoledwe achidule, oyambilira a bukhu la mbiri iri, chinthu chimodzi nchodziŵikiratu: Baibulo linachitadi ntchito yaikulu m’kulosera mdima wauzimu wa mpingo wa tsiku limenelo! Dziko la Chikhristu silinawonetse kutsogolo kolumikizana ndi uthenga wabwino pomwe Mohammed adayamba utumiki wake - makamaka, anali ogawanika kwambiri. Chotero, kwa anthu ambiri openyerera Chikristu panthaŵiyo, Chisilamu chinawonekera kukhala mpatuko wina Wachikristu (Esposito, mkonzi., The Oxford History of Islam, tsamba 305). Nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana zina mwazinthu zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chisilamu chitukuke...
Podzafika nthawi ya Muhammad, mpingo wachikhristu unali utatenga Lamlungu kukhala “tsiku lopatulika,” linayambitsa chiphunzitso cha moyo wosafa, ndipo linasiya kulalikira za kubweranso kwa Mpulumutsi. Chifukwa ankakhulupirira kuti tchalitchi chidzapambana pa dziko lapansi (ie pa ndale) ndi kukwaniritsa zaka chikwi za m’Baibulo. Koma chodabwitsa n’chakuti pofika zaka za m’ma XNUMX, nkhani zimenezi sizinali nkhani yaikulu. Mkangano waukulu wa tchalitchi cha tsiku limenelo unali wokhudza chikhalidwe cha Yesu. Ndiye tiyeni tikambirane kaye mutuwu:
Chiyambireni nthawi ya Smurna (AD 100-313) mpingo unayesera kufotokoza Baibulo mu mawu achikunja.
“Akhristu a m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri oikira kumbuyo anali gulu la olemba amene ankayesetsa kuteteza chikhulupiriro kwa otsutsa Achiyuda ndi Agiriki ndi Aroma. Iwo anatsutsa mphekesera zambiri zochititsa manyazi, ndipo zina mwa izo mpaka zinaneneza Akristu kuti amadya anthu ndi chiwerewere. Kunena zochulukira, iwo anafuna kupangitsa Chikristu kukhala chomveka kwa anthu a chitaganya cha Agiriki ndi Aroma ndi kufotokoza kamvedwe ka Akristu ponena za Mulungu, umulungu wa Yesu, ndi chiukiriro cha thupi. Kuti achite zimenezi, oikira kumbuyo chikhulupirirowo anatengera mawu anzeru ndi zolemba za chikhalidwe cha anthu ambiri kuti afotokoze zikhulupiriro zawo molondola kwambiri komanso kuti akope nzeru za anthu a m’nthawi yawo achikunja.” (Fredericksen, Christianity, Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ntchito yaikulu ya Baibulo m’tchalitchi inayamba kuchepa pang’onopang’ono, moti pofika m’zaka za m’ma 1, Baibulo linayenera kulongosoledwa kwa anthu wamba. Izi zinapangitsa akatswiri azaumulungu kukhala otchuka monga Origen ndi ndemanga zake za Baibulo (ibid.). Kukula kumeneku kunapereka chisonkhezero chowonjezereka kwa akatswiri a maphunziro a zaumulungu “olemekezeka,” popeza kuti anakhoza kulemba bwino lomwe ndi kugwiritsira ntchito chinenero chawo chanthanthi Yachigiriki kulankhula bwino ndi anthu. Paulo ananena kale kuti: “Chidziwitso chitukumula; koma chikondi chimangirira.” ( 8,1 Akorinto 84:XNUMX Luther XNUMX ) Ndi chidziŵitso chimenechi, mwachiwonekere chikondi mu tchalitchi chinapitirirabe kutsika ndipo “kutupa” kunapitirizabe kukwera. Izi zinayambitsa mikangano yamitundumitundu m'ziphunzitso.
Pofuna kuyika bwino Muhamadi ndi zonena za Korani, zimathandiza kudziwa mikangano yomwe idasokonekera mu mpingo wachikhristu munthawi yake. Choncho, nkhaniyi ikukamba za nkhani zosiyanasiyana za Tchalitchi cha Kum'maŵa, chomwe chinali ndi mpando wake ku Constantinople. Chifukwa chikoka cha gawo ili la tchalitchi chidawoneka makamaka ku Arabia Peninsula pa nthawi ya Mohammed komanso m'mibadwo yachisilamu yomwe idatsatira.
Chiyambireni nthawi ya Smurna (AD 100-313) mpingo unayesera kufotokoza Baibulo mu mawu achikunja.
“Akhristu a m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri oikira kumbuyo anali gulu la olemba amene ankayesetsa kuteteza chikhulupiriro kwa otsutsa Achiyuda ndi Agiriki ndi Aroma. Iwo anatsutsa mphekesera zambiri zochititsa manyazi, ndipo zina mwa izo mpaka zinaneneza Akristu kuti amadya anthu ndi chiwerewere. Kunena zochulukira, iwo anafuna kupangitsa Chikristu kukhala chomveka kwa anthu a chitaganya cha Agiriki ndi Aroma ndi kufotokoza kamvedwe ka Akristu ponena za Mulungu, umulungu wa Yesu, ndi chiukiriro cha thupi. Kuti achite zimenezi, oikira kumbuyo chikhulupirirowo anatengera mawu anzeru ndi zolemba za chikhalidwe cha anthu ambiri kuti afotokoze zikhulupiriro zawo molondola kwambiri komanso kuti akope nzeru za anthu a m’nthawi yawo achikunja.” (Fredericksen, Christianity, Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ntchito yaikulu ya Baibulo m’tchalitchi inayamba kuchepa pang’onopang’ono, moti pofika m’zaka za m’ma 1, Baibulo linayenera kulongosoledwa kwa anthu wamba. Izi zinapangitsa akatswiri azaumulungu kukhala otchuka monga Origen ndi ndemanga zake za Baibulo (ibid.). Kukula kumeneku kunapereka chisonkhezero chowonjezereka kwa akatswiri a maphunziro a zaumulungu “olemekezeka,” popeza kuti anakhoza kulemba bwino lomwe ndi kugwiritsira ntchito chinenero chawo chanthanthi Yachigiriki kulankhula bwino ndi anthu. Paulo ananena kale kuti: “Chidziwitso chitukumula; koma chikondi chimangirira.” ( 8,1 Akorinto 84:XNUMX Luther XNUMX ) Ndi chidziŵitso chimenechi, mwachiwonekere chikondi mu tchalitchi chinapitirirabe kutsika ndipo “kutupa” kunapitirizabe kukwera. Izi zinayambitsa mikangano yamitundumitundu m'ziphunzitso.
Pofuna kuyika bwino Muhamadi ndi zonena za Korani, zimathandiza kudziwa mikangano yomwe idasokonekera mu mpingo wachikhristu munthawi yake. Choncho, nkhaniyi ikukamba za nkhani zosiyanasiyana za Tchalitchi cha Kum'maŵa, chomwe chinali ndi mpando wake ku Constantinople. Chifukwa chikoka cha gawo ili la tchalitchi chidawoneka makamaka ku Arabia Peninsula pa nthawi ya Mohammed komanso m'mibadwo yachisilamu yomwe idatsatira.
Mfundo ina inali yoti Yesu anali munthu chabe ndipo kuti kutenga pakati kunali kozizwitsa. Komabe, muyeso wopanda malire wa Mzimu Woyera, umene anadzazidwa nawo ndi nzeru ndi mphamvu zaumulungu, unamupanga kukhala Mwana wa Mulungu. Pambuyo pake zimenezi zinatsogolera ku chiphunzitso chakuti Yesu sanabadwe monga mwana wa Mulungu, koma kuti Mulungu ‘anamlandira’ pambuyo pake pamene anali mwana. Chikhulupirirochi chidakalipo pakati pa anthu ambiri amakono a Unitarian lerolino.
Lingaliro lina ‘linanena ‘kugonjera’ kwa Abambo ena a Tchalitchi kuti [Yesu anali waumulungu koma anali wocheperapo kwa Atate]. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, iye anatsutsa kuti Atate ndi Mwana anali maina aŵiri osiyana a mutu umodzi wokha, wa Mulungu mmodzi wotchedwa Atate m’nthaŵi zakale, koma Mwana m’maonekedwe Ake monga munthu.’ ( Monarchianism, Encyclopaedia Britannica ).
Cha m’ma AD 200, Noëth waku Smurna anayamba kulalikira chiphunzitsochi. Pamene Praxeas anabweretsa malingaliro ameneŵa ku Roma, Tertullian anati: ‘Iye amachotsa ulosi ndi kuitanitsa mpatuko; athamangitsa Mtonthozi, nampachika Atate.” (Parrinder, Yesu mu Quran, tsamba 134; onaninso Gwatkin, Zosankha kuchokera kwa Olemba Achikhristu Oyambiriratsamba 129)
Zambiri mwa ziphunzitso za Chikristu chaorthodox za Logos, Mawu kapena "Mwana" wa Mulungu, zasonkhanitsidwa kuti zithetse chisokonezo ichi. Komabe, modalistic monarchianism inasiya kukhala wodziyimira pawokha, waumwini Logos ndipo ananena kuti panali mulungu mmodzi yekha: Mulungu Atate. Limenelo linali lingaliro lokhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu mmodzi.
Ngakhale pambuyo pa Msonkhano wa ku Nicaea, mikangano ya Kristu sinathe. Emperor Constantine ankakonda ku Arianism mwiniwake ndipo mwana wake anali Arian wolankhula momveka bwino. Mu AD 381, pa msonkhano wotsatira wa matchalitchi, Tchalitchi chinapanga Chikristu Chachikatolika (cha Kumadzulo) kukhala chipembedzo chovomerezeka cha ufumuwo ndi kukonza nkhani ndi Arianism of the East. Arius anali wansembe ku Alexandria, Egypt—limodzi la malo a Tchalitchi cha Kum’maŵa (Fredericksen, “Chikristu,” Encyclopaedia Britannica). Popeza kuti Tchalitchi cha Azungu chinali ndi mphamvu panthaŵiyo, chigamulo chimenechi chinayambitsa zipolowe zandale zochokera ku Tchalitchi cha Kum’maŵa, zimene zinasonkhezera kwambiri mkangano wotsatira wa chiphunzitso cha Yesu.
Gululi, nalonso, linali lodziwika ku Middle East, makamaka pakati pa mafumu. Anaphunzitsa kuti Yesu anali Mulungu woona komanso munthu woona. Onse awiri sanasiyana. Munthu amene anali mwa iye anapachikidwa ndi kuphedwa, koma palibe chimene chinachitika kwa umulungu mwa iye. Anaphunzitsanso kuti Mariya anabereka umunthu waumulungu wa Yesu.
Mtsutso wotsatira wa Chikhristu unali mu AD 431 pa Msonkhano wa ku Efeso. Motsogozedwa ndi Cyril, Patriarch of Alexandria, Christology wonyanyira adatsutsidwa ngati mpatuko ndi Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople. Nestorius anaphunzitsa kuti munthu Yesu ndi munthu wodziimira yekha popanda Mawu aumulungu, nchifukwa chake munthu alibe ufulu wotcha amayi a Yesu Mariya “Amayi a Mulungu” (gr. theotokos, θεοτοκος kapena theotokos). Ndizovuta kunena zomwe Nestorius anaphunzitsa. Chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimaganiziridwa kuti Cyril, monga kholo lakale la Alexandria, adafuna kutsitsa mdani wake pampando wachifumu wa Constantinople. Choncho, kusankha kwake kugamula mdani wakeyo mwina kunali kosonkhezeredwa ndi ndale monga momwe kunalili kosonkhezeredwa ndi chipembedzo.
Zomwe Nestorius adaphunzitsa mwina zinali zambiri za gulu la prosopic. Mawu achi Greek prosōpon (προσωπον) amatanthauza chiwonetsero chakunja yunifolomu kapena chiwonetsero chamunthu, kuphatikiza zida zowonjezera. Chitsanzo: Burashi ya wopenta ndi yake prosopon. Chotero Mwana wa Mulungu anagwiritsira ntchito umunthu wake kudziulula, chotero munthu anali kanthu kena kake prosopon anali. Mwanjira imeneyi linali vumbulutso limodzi losagawanika (Kelly, "Nestorius", Encyclopaedia Britannica).
Komabe, Nestorianism, monga momwe adani ake panthaŵiyo ankaimvetsetsa ndipo potsirizira pake ndi ochirikiza ake, inaumirira kuti umunthu wa Yesu unali munthu kotheratu. Choncho ankakhulupirira kuti zimenezi zikanamupangitsa kukhala anthu awiri, munthu mmodzi ndi waumulungu mmodzi. Pamene chiphunzitso cha Orthodox ("choona") Christology cha nthawiyo chinafika pa lingaliro lakuti Yesu modabwitsa anali ndi mikhalidwe iwiri, umodzi waumulungu ndi munthu m'modzi, mwa munthu mmodzi (Gr. hypostasis, matenda) atagwirizana, Nestorianism inagogomezera ufulu wa onse awiri. Ndiye, iye anali kunena kuti pali anthu aŵiri kapena ma hypostases olumikizidwa mosasamala ndi umodzi wamakhalidwe. Motero, malinga ndi kunena kwa Nestorianism, m’thupi la Mulungu Mawu aumulungu anaphatikizidwa ndi munthu wathunthu, wodziimira payekha.
Kuchokera m'malingaliro a Orthodox, Nestorianism imakana kubadwa kwenikweni ndikuwonetsa Yesu ngati munthu wouziridwa ndi Mulungu osati munthu wolengedwa ndi Mulungu (ibid.). Lingaliro ili linali lofanana ndi lingaliro la Melkite, kupatula kuti Maria, gawo laumulungu la Yesu, sanabale (Aasi, Kumvetsetsa Chisilamu pa Zipembedzo Zina, tsamba 121).
Yankho la Cyril pa vutoli, komabe, linali "khalidwe limodzi la Mau opangidwa thupi." Izi zinayambitsa mkangano wotsatira wonena za chikhalidwe cha Yesu.
Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimatsimikizira kuti Yesu Kristu anakhalabe waumulungu osati munthu, ngakhale kuti anatengera thupi la padziko lapansi ndi laumunthu limene limabadwa, kukhala ndi moyo, ndi kufa. Choncho, chiphunzitso cha Monophysite chimanena kuti mwa Yesu Khristu munali chikhalidwe chimodzi chokha chaumulungu, osati mikhalidwe iwiri, yaumulungu ndi yaumunthu.
Papa Leo waku Roma adatsogolera ziwonetsero zotsutsa chiphunzitsochi, zomwe zidafika pachimake pa msonkhano wa Chalcedon mu 451 AD. “Chalcedon anapereka lamulo lakuti Yesu ayenera kulemekezedwa ndi ‘makhalidwe aŵiri osasanganikirana, osasinthika, osagawanika, ndi osagawanika’. Kufotokozera kumeneku kunkatsutsana ndi chiphunzitso cha Nestorian chakuti mikhalidwe iwiri ya Yesu inali yosiyana ndipo kwenikweni anali anthu awiri. Koma idalunjikitsidwanso motsutsana ndi chiphunzitso chaumulungu chosavuta cha Eutike, mmonke yemwe adatsutsidwa mu AD 448 chifukwa chophunzitsa kuti Yesu atabadwa m'thupi anali ndi chikhalidwe chimodzi chokha choncho umunthu wake sunali wofanana, ngati wa anthu ena. « (»Monophysite», Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Kwa zaka 250 zotsatira, mafumu a Byzantine ndi makolo akale anayesa mwamphamvu kupambana a Monophysites; koma zoyesayesa zonse zinalephereka. Chiphunzitso cha mitundu iwiri cha Chalcedon chikukanidwabe lero ndi matchalitchi osiyanasiyana, omwe ndi Armenian Apostolic ndi Coptic Churches, Coptic Orthodox Church of Egypt, The Ethiopian Orthodox Church ndi Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch (ya Syriac Jacobite Church). (Fredericksen, "Christianity", Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Awa anali Akhristu amene analowa m’malo mwa Yakobo Baradei ndipo ankakhala makamaka ku Iguputo. A Yakobo anakulitsa chiphunzitso cha Monophysism polengeza kuti Yesu mwiniyo anali Mulungu. Malinga ndi chikhulupiriro chawo, Mulungu mwiniyo anapachikidwa ndipo chilengedwe chonse chinayenera kusiya Wosamalira ndi Wochisamalira kwa masiku atatu amene Yesu anagona m’manda. + Kenako Mulungu ananyamuka n’kubwerera kumalo ake. Mwanjira imeneyi Mulungu anakhala wolengedwa ndipo wolengedwayo anakhala wamuyaya. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti Mulungu anatenga pakati m’mimba mwa Mariya ndiponso kuti Mariya anali ndi pakati. (Ayi, Kumvetsetsa Chisilamu pa Zipembedzo Zinatsamba 121)
Gulu lachiarabu la m’zaka za zana lachinayi limeneli linkakhulupirira kuti Yesu ndi amayi ake anali milungu iwiri pambali pa Mulungu. Iwo anakopeka kwambiri ndi Mariya ndipo anamulambira. Anamupatsa mphete za keke (collyrida, κολλυριδα - chifukwa chake dzina lampatuko) monga momwe ena amachitira kwa Mayi wamkulu wa Dziko Lapansi mu nthawi zachikunja. Akristu monga Epiphanius analimbana ndi mpatuko umenewu ndipo anayesa kuthandiza Akristu kuona kuti Mariya sayenera kulambiridwa. (Parinder, Yesu mu Quran, tsamba 135)
Kuchokera m’ndondomeko imeneyi ya mbiri ya mpingo wachikristu ndi kulimbana kwawo kuti amvetse mmene Yesu analili, n’zoonekeratu kuti n’chifukwa chiyani Yesu anadzitcha “Mwana wa Mulungu” m’nthawi ya ku Tiyatira ( Chibvumbulutso 2,18:XNUMX ). Pakuti funsoli linafuna yankho mu Chikhristu. Komabe, silinali vuto lokhalo m’tchalitchi.
Monga tanena kumene ndi a Kollyridians, mavuto ambiri anali kuyambika mu Tchalitchi chokhudza Mariya. Patangopita zaka mazana ochepa kuchokera pamene Chikhristu chinayamba, Mariya anapatsidwa udindo wolemekezeka pakati pa anthu wamba a Namwali Woyera ndipo anali ndi mwayi waukulu wokhala ndi pakati pa Mwana wa Mulungu. Izi zikusonyezedwa ndi zithunzi zimene iye ndi Yesu anazipeza m’manda achiroma. Komabe, izi zinapitirira mpaka anadziwika kuti "Amayi a Mulungu". Zolemba za Apocrypha zonena za moyo wake zinasindikizidwa ndipo anthu ambiri ankalemekeza kwambiri zinthu zakale.
Ngakhale kuti ena (kuphatikizapo Nestorius) anatsutsa mwamphamvu, Msonkhano wa ku Efeso mu AD 431 unavomereza kulemekezedwa kwa Namwali monga Theotokos, 'Amayi a Mulungu' (kapena kuti 'Wonyamula Mulungu') ndipo anavomereza kupanga mafano a mafano. Virgin ndi Mwana Wake. M’chaka chomwecho, Cyril, Bishopu Wamkulu wa ku Alexandria, anagwiritsa ntchito mayina ambiri a Mariya amene anthu achikunja anapatsidwa mwachikondi kwa “mulungu wamkazi” Artemis/Diana wa ku Efeso.
Pang'onopang'ono, makhalidwe otchuka kwambiri a mulungu wamkazi wakale Astarte, Cybele, Artemi, Diana ndi Isis anaphatikizana ndi chipembedzo chatsopano cha Marian. M’zaka za zana limenelo Tchalitchi chinayambitsa Phwando la Kukwera kumwamba kuti likumbukire tsiku limene iye anakwera kumwamba pa August 15th. Patsiku limeneli pankachitika zikondwerero zakale za Isis ndi Artemi. Potsirizira pake, Mariya anaonedwa kukhala nkhoswe ya anthu pamaso pa mpando wachifumu wa Mwana wake. Anakhala woyera woyang'anira Constantinople ndi banja lachifumu. Chifaniziro chake chinanyamulidwa pamutu pa gulu lirilonse lalikulu, ndipo linapachikidwa mu mpingo uliwonse ndi nyumba zachikhristu. (Wotchulidwa mu: Oster, Chisilamu chinaganiziridwanso, tsamba 23: kuchokera kwa William James Durant, M'badwo Wachikhulupiriro: Mbiri Yachitukuko chanthawi Zamakedzana - Chikhristu, Chisilamu, ndi Chiyuda - kuchokera ku Constantine mpaka ku Dante, CE 325-1300., New York: Simon Schuster, 1950)
Pemphero lotsatira la Lucius likuwonetsa kupembedza kwa Mayi Wamulungu:
»(Inu) dyetsani dziko lonse ndi chuma chanu. Monga mayi wachikondi, mumalira zosowa za ovutika ... Mumachotsa mikuntho ndi zoopsa zonse pamoyo waumunthu, tambasulani dzanja lanu lamanja ... ndikukhazika mtima pansi mkuntho waukulu wa tsoka. Chisilamu chinaganiziridwansotsamba 24)
Walter Hyde akuchitira ndemanga pa chochitika chatsopanochi m’Matchalitchi Achikristu motere:
‘Chotero, nkwachibadwa kuti ophunzira ena angasamutsire chisonkhezero chake monga ‘Mayi wa Zisoni’ ndi ‘Mayi wa Horasi’ kupita ku kukhala ndi pakati kwachikristu kwa Mariya. Pakuti mwa iye Agiriki adawona Demeter wawo wachisoni akufunafuna mwana wake wamkazi Persephone, yemwe adagwiriridwa ndi Pluto. Zolemba za amayi ndi mwana zingapezeke m'mafano ambiri opezeka m'mabwinja a kachisi wawo ku Seine, Rhine ndi Danube. Akristu oyambirira ankaganiza kuti amazindikira Madonna ndi Mwana mmenemo. N’zosadabwitsa kuti masiku ano n’kovuta kufotokoza momveka bwino zimene akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apeza.
Liwu lakuti “Amayi a Mulungu” linayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’zaka za zana lachinayi chifukwa linagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi Eusebius, Athanasius, Gregory wa ku Nazianzus ku Kapadokiya, ndi ena. Gregory anati: “Aliyense amene sakhulupirira kuti Mariya ndi Amayi a Mulungu alibe gawo mwa Mulungu.” Chisilamu chinaganiziridwanso, 24 kuchokera: Hyde, Chikunja ku Chikhristu mu Ufumu wa Romatsamba 54)
Kuyenera kulongosoledwa kuti kuvomereza kwa Mariya m’chigawo chakum’maŵa cha Dziko Lachikristu (gawo loyandikana ndi dera limene Muhamadi ankagwirako ntchito) kunapita patsogolo mofulumira kuposa kumadzulo. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi mfundo yakuti pamene Papa Agapetus anapita ku Constantinople mu AD 536, iye anadzudzulidwa ndi mnzake wa Kum’maŵa chifukwa choletsa kudzipereka kwa Marian ndi kuika zifanizo za Theotokos m’matchalitchi a Azungu. Koma pang’onopang’ono kudzipereka kwa Mariya nakonso kunagwira Kumadzulo. M’chaka cha AD 609 (kutsala chaka chimodzi kuti Muhammad anene kuti anaona masomphenya ake oyamba), gulu lachipembedzo lachiroma linaperekedwa kwa Mariya ndipo linadzatchedwa Santa Maria ad Martyres (Mariya Woyera ndi Ofera Chikhulupiriro). M’chaka chomwecho, umodzi mwa mipingo yakale kwambiri, tchalitchi chodziwika bwino cha Papa Callixtus Woyamba ndi Julius Woyamba, udaperekedwanso ku »Santa Maria ku Trastevere«. Kenako, kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lomweli, Papa Sergius Woyamba anayambitsa mapwando oyambirira a Marian m’kalendala ya miyambo yachiroma. Tsopano tebulolo linali litakonzedwa kuti anthu azilambiriramo Theotokos. Pakuti chiphunzitso cha Kukwera kwa Mariya chinali chofala, ndipo Akristu a Kum’maŵa ndi Kumadzulo tsopano akanatha kuloza mapemphero awo kwa “wopembedzera” wina pambali pa uja wotchulidwa kwa ife m’Baibulo ( 1 Timoteo 2,5:XNUMX ).
dr Kenneth Oster, m’busa wa Adventist amene wakhala akutumikira ku Iran kwa zaka zambiri, anati:
“Mipatuko yachiroma ya Chikristu chisanakhaleko tsopano inawonekeranso m’Tchalitchi pansi pa maina ‘Achikristu. Diana, mulungu wamkazi namwali anabweretsa chopereka chake ku kulambira Virigo Mariya. Juno wa ku Roma, Hera wa ku Greece, Kathargos Tanit, Isis wa ku Egypt, Astarte wa ku Foinike, ndi Ninlil wa ku Babulo onse anali a Queens of Heaven. Aigupto anachita mbali yaikulu m’kunyozetsa ziphunzitso zosavuta za Yesu zimenezi. Zithunzi zomwe zatsala za Isis unamwino Horus zikufanana ndi zithunzi zodziwika bwino za Madonna ndi Mwana. Motero zikuwonekeratu kuti chiphunzitso cholakwa cha chikunja choyipa ichi - mulungu adagwiririra mulungu wamkazi ndipo "mwana wa mulungu" adatuluka m'chikwati chachigololo ichi... - chidalandiridwa m'magulu achikanani a Ugarit ndi Egypt, mu nthano za Agiriki ndi Aroma makamaka. m’zipembedzo Zachinsinsi, chinafikira kukula kwake kotheratu m’tchalitchi champatuko, ndipo chinagulitsidwa monga chowonadi ku dziko losakhala Lachikristu.” (Isita, Chisilamu chinaganiziridwansotsamba 24)
Mfundo imeneyi sitingatsimikize mopambanitsa tikamaphunzira momwe Muhamadi adawonekera. Kuzindikira kwa owerenga kuyenera kukwezedwa ku zomwe zinkachitikadi mu Chikhristu kuti amvetsetse zomwe Qur'an ikunena. Arabia inakumananso ndi zochitika zimenezi m'Chikristu. Lingaliro la “utatu” wa mulungu atate, mulungu mayi, ndi mbadwa zake zakubadwa, mulungu wamwamuna wachitatu, linali lofala kwambiri kwakuti anthu a ku Mecca anawonjezera fano la Byzantine la Mariya ndi Yesu wakhanda ku gulu lawo la milungu, Kaaba, kotero kuti amalonda Achikristu amene amangoyendayenda m’Mecca anali ndi cholambira pamodzi ndi mazana a milungu ina. (otchulidwa mu ibid., 25 kuchokera: Payne, Lupanga Loyera, tsamba 4)…
Chinthu chinanso m’Chikristu chimene chinakhudza kwanthaŵi yaitali pakukula kwa Chisilamu chinali chipembedzo cha monasticism. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lachisanu, gululi linapeza otsatira ambiri. M'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa dongosolo la amonke, Pachomios, adakhazikitsa nyumba za amonke khumi ndi chimodzi ku Upper Egypt asanamwalire mu 346 AD. Anali ndi otsatira 7000. Jerome akusimba kuti mkati mwa zaka zana limodzi amonke 50.000 anapezekapo pamsonkhano wapachaka. Kudera lozungulira Oxyrhynchus ku Upper Egypt kokha kunali amonke pafupifupi 10.000 ndi anamwali 20.000. Ziŵerengero zimenezi zikusonyeza mkhalidwe umene unali kufalikira m’dziko lachikristu. Anthu zikwizikwi adapita kuchipululu cha Syria ndikukhazikitsa nyumba za amonke ndi cholinga chokha chokhalira moyo wosinkhasinkha (Tonstad, "Defining Moments in Christian-Mulim History - A Summary", Adventist Muslim Relations).
Gulu limeneli linazikidwa pa chiphunzitso cha Plato cha kulekanitsa thupi ndi maganizo. Thupi, iwo amakhulupirira, linali gawo la kanthaŵi chabe la kukhalapo kwa munthu, pamene mzimu unali chisonyezero chenicheni cha umulungu ndi kumangidwa kwa kanthaŵi chabe m’thupi. Origen ndi Clement aku Alexandria adatengera ndikufalitsa malingaliro awiri awa a zenizeni, zomwe zidapangitsa ambiri kusiya "machimo" okhudzana ndi thupi ndikubwerera kumalo achinsinsi komwe angafunefune "ungwiro wauzimu." « adayesetsa. Chiphunzitsochi chinafalikira makamaka mu Chikhristu cha Kum'mawa, komwe Muhamadi amakumana ndi Akhristu. Ziri zosiyana kwambiri ndi mfundo zochepa za filosofi, zothandiza kwambiri zomwe iye ankakhulupirira. Iyi ndi nkhani yomwe Qur’an idakamba.
Chinanso chimene chinachitika m’Matchalitchi Achikhristu chinali kufooka kwachangu polalikira uthenga wabwino padziko lonse. Changu cha Uthenga Wabwino chinali chofala pakati pa atumwi ndi mu mpingo woyamba. Komabe, monga momwe zasonyezedwera mosavuta m’mfundo zomwe zapendedwa kufikira pano, tchalitchi tsopano chinali chokhutira ndi kukangana ponena za mafunso a chiphunzitso ndi kumeta tsitsi ndi mawu a zaumulungu ndi afilosofi. Pomaliza, pofika m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri, zounikira zochepa za utumwi wachikhristu zidatsalira - ngakhale a Nestorian adatenga uthenga wabwino mpaka ku India ndi China, ndipo Aselote anali kulengeza kale za Mesiya pakati pa Ajeremani (Swartley, ed. Kukumana ndi Dziko Lachisilamu, tsamba 10).
Adventist adzakhala ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana pazochitika izi. Kumbali imodzi, mitundu yonse iyenera kumva za Yesu ... kupembedzedwa, etc.?
Mkhalidwe wa m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiŵiri umene Akristu onse amalilira unali kusoŵeka kwa Mabaibulo otembenuzidwa. Malinga ndi zimene akatswiri akudziwa, Baibulo loyamba lachiarabu lomasulira Baibulo la Chiarabu silinamalizidwe mpaka m’chaka cha AD 837, ndipo kenaka silinapangidwenso (kupatulapo mipukutu yochepa chabe ya akatswiri). Ilo silinasindikizidwe mpaka 1516 AD (ibid.).
Izi zikusonyeza kuti Akhristu alibe changu chotengera uthenga wabwino kwa Arabu. Mchitidwewu ukupitirirabe mpaka lero: mmodzi yekha mwa antchito khumi ndi awiri achikhristu amatumizidwa ku mayiko achisilamu, ngakhale kuti Asilamu ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu mwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Baibulo linali litamasuliridwa kale m’zinenero za anthu osadziwika bwino, monga Chitchaina kapena Chisiriya. Koma osati mu Chiarabu, chifukwa mwachiwonekere panali tsankho kwa Arabu (ibid., p. 37).
Mulimonse mmene zinalili, akatswiri a maphunziro achikristu amakhulupirira kuti Muhamadi kapena Aarabu ena a panthaŵiyo sanali ndi mwayi woŵerenga malemba apamanja a Baibulo m’chinenero chawo.
Mosasamala kanthu za chenicheni chakuti Chikristu chinaloŵa m’chikhalidwe chokangana ponena za filosofi ya mkhalidwe wa Yesu ndipo ngakhale kuti chinalandira chiphunzitso cha moyo wosakhoza kufa, icho chinakana Sabata la Baibulo ndi lamulo la Mulungu ndi kufalitsa mitundu yonyanyira ya kuchoka m’dziko , . khalidwe lake lonyansa kwambiri mwina linali kugwiritsa ntchito chiwawa pofuna kupititsa patsogolo ziphunzitso zake. Kuphunzitsa zolakwa kuli chinthu chimodzi, koma kutero ndi mzimu wachikondi, Wachikristu umene Yesu analimbikitsa otsatira ake ( “Kondanani nawo adani anu... chitirani zabwino iwo akuda inu” Mateyu 5,44:XNUMX ); koma ndi chinthu chinanso kufalitsa ziphunzitso zonyenga, kunyada, ndi kupha aliyense amene sakugwirizana nazo! Komabe izi ndi zomwe akhristu anali kuchita pomwe Mohammed adawonekera ...
Izi zinayamba patangopita nthawi yochepa Mfumu ya Roma Diocletian (AD 303-313) inazunza kwambiri Akhristu. Mkati mwa mbadwo wa Mfumu Constantine kukhala Mkristu, Chikristu chinachoka pa kuzunzidwa mpaka kukhala wozunza. Pamene Bungwe la ku Nicaea linalengeza kuti chiphunzitso cha Arius chinali champatuko, Constantine anakhulupirira kuti pofuna kusunga umodzi wa ufumuwo, aliyense ayenera kudzipereka ku “orthodoxy”. Anagamulidwa kuti chikhulupiriro chilichonse chotsutsana ndi ziphunzitso za Tchalitchi sichinali chabe cholakwira Tchalitchi komanso boma.
Eusebius, wolemba mbiri wamkulu wa tchalitchi cha m’nthaŵi ya Constantine, akusonyeza maganizo a Akristu ambiri panthaŵi imene anatamanda Constantine monga chotengera chosankhidwa ndi Mulungu chimene chidzakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa Yesu padziko lapansi. Wolemba wina analemba za Eusebius kuti:
"Ngakhale kuti anali munthu wampingo, monga wofalitsa komanso wolemba mbiri adayambitsa nzeru zandale za dziko lachikhristu. Iye anakhazikitsa mfundo zake zambiri pa umboni wochokera mu Ufumu wa Roma osati wa Chipangano Chatsopano. Malingaliro ake ndi andale. Nyimbo yake yachitamando ilibe ‘chisoni chonse chifukwa cha chizunzo chodala ndi mantha onse aulosi a ulamuliro wa ufumu wa Tchalitchi.’ Sizimadziŵika konse kwa iye kuti chitetezo cha boma chingatsogolere ku kugonjera kwa Tchalitchi chachipembedzo ndi kuzunzidwa kwa osagwirizana ndi chinyengo chachipembedzo, ngakhale kuti zonsezo n’zachinyengo. zoopsa zinali zosavuta kuzizindikira munthawi yake.« (Tonstad, »Defining Moments in Christian-Mulim History – A Summary«, Adventist Muslim Relations)
Chikristu chinasiya chiyero chake chauzimu. Mfundo imene Yesu anaphunzitsa - kulekanitsa mpingo ndi boma - inagulitsidwa kuti anthu atchuke ndi kupindula ndi dziko. Kale m’nthaŵi ya Mfumu Theodosius Woyamba (AD 379-395) “opanduka” sanalinso kuloledwa kusonkhanitsa kapena kukhala ndi katundu; ngakhale matchalitchi awo analandidwa. Theodosius II (AD 408-450) anapita patsogolo ndipo analamula kuti ampatuko amene sakhulupirira Utatu kapena amene anaphunzitsa ubatizo wobwereza (Donatists) ayenera chilango cha imfa.
Komabe, chizunzo chofala sichinachitike mpaka mu ulamuliro wa Justinian (527-565 AD), pamene Arian, Montanists, ndi Sabbatari onse anazunzidwa monga adani a boma. Wolemba mbiri Procopius, wa m’nthaŵi ya Justinian, akunena kuti Justinian “analinganiza chiŵerengero cha kuphana kwamtengo wapatali. Chifukwa chofuna kutchuka, iye anafuna kukakamiza aliyense ku chikhulupiriro Chachikristu; Iye anawononga mwadala aliyense amene sanatsatire, komabe amanamizira kukhala opembedza nthawi zonse. Pakuti sanawone kupha mmenemo malinga ngati akufawo analibe chikhulupiriro chake.« (izi. Chowunikira chowonjezera; zolembedwa mu Procopius, Mbiri Yachinsinsitsamba 106)
Izi zikhoza kufotokoza chifukwa chake Mulungu adawona ichi ngati chiyambi cha mpatuko womwe mpingo wachikhristu unali nawo. Baibulo ndi nkhani ya kulengedwa kwa Lusifara, kupanduka kwake ndi kuyesa kukhazikitsa boma lake pa pulaneti latsopano la Mulungu ndi umboni wakuti Mulungu amaona kuti ufulu wachipembedzo ndi wofunika kuposa china chilichonse. Podziwa kuzunzika ndi imfa zimene zikanabwera chifukwa cha kugwa kwa Lusifara, ndiponso kwa Adamu ndi Hava, Mulungu anachirikiza mfundo ya ufulu wa chikumbumtima. Timaona m’mbiri kuti Mulungu nthawi zonse amachotsa madalitso ake pamene wolamulira, kaya mpingo kapena boma, asankha kulanda anthu ufulu wopatulika umenewu. Chifukwa ndiye anayamba kulimbana ndi Wam’mwambamwamba.
Bwererani ku Gawo 1: Mbiri yakuuka kwa Chisilamu: Zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri kuchokera mumalingaliro a Bayibulo
Mwachidule kuchokera kwa: Doug Hardt, ndi chilolezo cha wolemba, Muhamadi ndani?, TEACH Services (2016), Chaputala 4, "Historical Context of the Rise of Islam"
Choyambirira chikupezeka pamapepala, Kindle, ndi e-book apa:
www.teachservices.com/who-was-muhammad-hardt-doug-paperback-lsi
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