Phunzirani za umboni wa ku Spain wa zaka za m’ma 16 wonena za Chipulotesitanti ndi ufulu wachipembedzo. Wolemba Ellen White, Clarence Crisler, HH Hall

Nthawi yowerenga: 10 min

Mutu uwu wa buku lakuti The Great Controversy ulipo m’matembenuzidwe a Chispanya mokha ndipo unalembedwa ndi alembi ake m’malo mwa Ellen White.

Zaka XNUMX zinali zitapita chiyambire pamene zofalitsidwa zoyamba za ziphunzitso za Chikatolika zinafika ku Spain. Ngakhale kuti Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika chinayesetsa kuchita zonse pamodzi, kupita patsogolo mobisa kwa gululi sikunathe kuimitsidwa. Chaka ndi chaka Chipulotesitanti chinakula mpaka zikwi za anthu analoŵa m’chipembedzo chatsopanocho. Nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, ena a iwo anapita kunja kukasangalala ndi ufulu wachipembedzo. Ena anasiya nyumba zawo kuti akathandize kupanga mabuku awoawo, makamaka cholinga cha kupititsa patsogolo cholinga chimene ankachikonda kwambiri kuposa moyo weniweniwo. Ena, monga amonke omwe adachoka ku nyumba ya amonke ya San Isidoro, adakakamizika kuchoka chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yawo.

Kuzimiririka kwa okhulupirira ameneŵa, amene ambiri a iwo anali ndi maudindo aakulu m’zandale ndi zachipembedzo, kwanthaŵi yaitali kunadzutsa chikaikiro cha Bwalo la Inquisition, ndipo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi ena a osakhalapo anapezeka kunja, kumene anayesayesa kuchirikiza chikhulupiriro cha Chiprotestanti ku Spain. Zimenezi zinapereka lingaliro lakuti ku Spain kunali Apulotesitanti ambiri. Komabe, okhulupirikawo anachita zinthu mochenjera kwambiri moti palibe wapolisi amene anadziŵa kumene anali.

Kenaka mndandanda wa zochitika zinatsogolera ku kupezeka kwa malo a gululi ku Spain ndi okhulupirira ambiri. Mu 1556, Juan Pérez, amene anali kukhala ku Geneva panthawiyo, anali atamaliza kumasulira Baibulo la Chipangano Chatsopano m’Chisipanishi. Anakonza zotumiza kope limeneli ku Spain limodzi ndi makope a katekisimu Wachispanya amene anakonza m’chaka chotsatira ndi kumasulira kwa Masalmo. Komabe, zinam’tengera nthawi kuti apeze munthu woti ayambe ntchito yoopsayi. Pomalizira pake, Julián Hernández, wogulitsa mabuku wokhulupirika, anavomera kuyesa. Anabisa mabukuwo m’migolo iŵiri ikuluikulu ndipo anatha kuthaŵa agalu a Bwalo la Inquisition. Anafika ku Seville, kumene mavoliyumu amtengo wapataliwo anagaŵiridwa mofulumira. Baibulo la Chipangano Chatsopano limeneli linali loyamba la Chipulotesitanti kufalitsidwa kwambiri ku Spain.

'Paulendo wake, Hernández anapereka kope la Chipangano Chatsopano kwa wosula zitsulo ku Flanders. Wosula zitsuloyo anasonyeza bukulo kwa wansembe ndipo anamlongosolera woperekayo kwa iye. Izi mwamsanga zinachenjeza Bwalo la Inquisition ku Spain. Chifukwa cha chidziwitsochi, "pobwerera, ofufuza adamugoneka ndikumumanga pafupi ndi mzinda wa Palma". Anam’bwezanso ku Seville ndi kum’tsekera m’ndende m’kati mwa makoma a Bwalo la Inquisition, kumene anayesa zonse zimene akanatha kuti apereke mabwenzi ake kwa zaka zoposa ziŵiri, koma sizinaphule kanthu. Iye anakhalabe wokhulupirika mpaka mapeto ndipo molimba mtima anapirira kuphedwa pamtengo. Anali wokondwa kuti anali ndi ulemu ndi mwaŵi wa ‘kubweretsa kuunika kwa choonadi chaumulungu m’dziko lake losochera. Iye ankayembekezera tsiku lachiweruzo ndi chidaliro: kenako adzaonekera pamaso pa Mlengi wake, kumva mawu ovomerezeka ndi Mulungu, ndi kukhala ndi Mbuye wake kwamuyaya.

Ngakhale kuti analephera kupeza chidziŵitso chochokera kwa Hernández chimene chikanachititsa kuti mabwenzi ake apezeke, “potsirizira pake anaphunzira zimene anabisa kwa nthaŵi yaitali” ( M’Crie, mutu 7 ). Panthaŵiyo, awo amene anali kuyang’anira Bwalo la Inquisition ku Spain “analandira uthenga wakuti magulu achinsinsi a Valladolid apezeka. Nthawi yomweyo anatumiza amithenga ku makhoti osiyanasiyana a inquisitory mu ufumuwo, kuwapempha kuti achite kafukufuku wachinsinsi m’madera awo. Ayenera kukhala okonzeka kugwira ntchito limodzi akangolandira malangizo ena' (ibid.). Mwanjira imeneyi maina a mazana a okhulupirira anali kuzindikiridwa mwakachetechete ndi mwamsanga. Panthawi ina, anagwidwa ndi kutsekeredwa m’ndende popanda chenjezo. Mamembala olemekezeka a m'madera otukuka a Valladolid ndi Seville, amonke omwe adatsalira ku nyumba ya amonke ya San Isidoro del Campo, okhulupirira okhulupirika okhala kutali kumpoto m'mphepete mwa mapiri a Pyrenees, komanso ena ku Toledo, Granada, Murcia ndi Valencia, mwadzidzidzi adapezeka mkati mwa makoma a Khoti Lalikulu la Inquisition, kuti asindikize umboni wawo wamagazi.

“Awo otsutsidwa chifukwa cha chipembedzo cha Lutheran […] Ziwiri zinachitikira ku Valladolid mu 1559, wina ku Seville chaka chomwecho, ndipo wina pa December 22, 1560. Espístola consolatoria ndi Juan Pérez, p. 17).
Mmodzi mwa oyamba kumangidwa ku Seville anali Dr. Constantino Ponce de la Fuente, yemwe wakhala akugwira ntchito mosakayikira kwa nthawi yaitali. “Nkhaniyo itafika kwa Charles V, yemwe panthaŵiyo anali ku nyumba ya amonke ya Yuste, yakuti wansembe yemwe ankamukonda kwambiri wamangidwa, iye anafuula kuti: ‘Ngati Constantino ndi wampatuko, ndiye kuti iyeyo ndi wampatuko wamkulu!’ Ndipo pambuyo pake wofufuza milandu atamutsimikizira kuti wapezeka wolakwa, anayankha modandaula kuti: ‘Simungathe kutsutsa wamkulu!’” ( Sandoval, Mbiri ya Mfumu Carlos V, Vol. 2, 829; yotengedwa kuchokera ku M'Crie, Chaputala 7).

Komabe, sikunali kophweka kutsimikizira kulakwa kwa Constantino. Ndipotu ofufuzawo ankaoneka kuti sanathe kutsimikizira milandu imene ankamuimbayo pamene mwangozi “anapeza, mwa ena ambiri, buku lalikulu lolembedwa m’zolemba za Constantino. Kumeneko iye analinganiza momvekera bwino, monga ngati kuti akulembera iye yekha, ndipo anachita makamaka ndi (monga momwe Ofufuza a Inquisitors analongosolera m’chiweruzo chake pambuyo pake anafalitsa pa scaffold) nkhani zotsatirazi: za mkhalidwe wa Tchalitchi; za Mpingo woona ndi Mpingo wa Papa amene anamutcha Wokana Khristu; za sakalamenti la Ukalistia ndi kuyambika kwa Misa, zimene ananena kuti dziko lapansi linagwidwa ndi kusadziwa Malemba Opatulika; za kulungamitsidwa kwa munthu; za purigatoriyo yoyeretsa, yomwe adatcha mutu wa nkhandwe ndi kupangidwa kwa amonke chifukwa cha kususuka kwawo; pa ng’ombe zaupapa ndi makalata a kulekerera; za ubwino wa amuna; pa chivomerezo […] Pamene voliyumuyo inasonyezedwa kwa Constantino, iye anati: “Ndimazindikira zimene ndinalemba pamanja ndipo ndikuvomereza poyera kuti ndalemba zonsezi, ndipo ndikulengeza mowona mtima kuti zonsezo n’zoona. Simufunikanso kuyang'ananso umboni wotsutsa ine: muli kale ndi chivomerezo chomveka bwino komanso chosatsutsika cha chikhulupiriro changa. Choncho chitani zomwe mukufuna.« (R. Gonzales de Montes, 320-322; 289, 290)

Chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe adakhala m'ndende, Constantino sanapulumuke ngakhale zaka ziwiri m'ndende yake. Kufikira mphindi zake zomalizira anakhalabe wokhulupirika ku chikhulupiriro chake cha Chiprotestanti ndi kusunga chidaliro chake chodekha mwa Mulungu. Ziyenera kuti zinali zothandiza kuti m'chipinda chomwecho Constantino anatsekeredwa m'ndende wamonke wamng'ono kuchokera ku nyumba ya amonke ya San Isidoro del Campo anaikidwa, amene analoledwa kumuyang'anira pa matenda ake otsiriza ndi kutseka maso ake mu mtendere (M'Crie, chaputala 7).

dr Constantino sanali yekha bwenzi ndi wansembe wa Mfumu amene anavutika chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwake ndi cholinga cha Chiprotestanti. dr Agustín Cazalla, amene kwa zaka zambiri anali kuonedwa monga mmodzi wa alaliki abwino koposa mu Spain ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri anawonekera pamaso pa banja lachifumu, anali m’gulu la anthu amene anamangidwa ndi kutsekeredwa m’ndende ku Valladolid. Pa kuphedwa kwake pagulu, polankhula ndi Mfumukazi Juana, amene anam’lalikira kaŵirikaŵiri, ndi kuloza kwa mlongo wake amenenso anali wolakwa, iye anati: “Ndikupemphani, Mkulu Wanu, chitirani chisoni mkazi wosalakwa ameneyu amene wasiya ana amasiye khumi ndi atatu.” Komabe, iye sanaloledwe, ngakhale kuti tsoka lake silikudziŵika. Koma n’zodziŵika bwino kuti otsogolera Bwalo la Inquisition, mu nkhanza zawo zopanda nzeru, sanakhutire ndi kudzudzula amoyo. Anayambitsanso kuzenga mlandu kwa amayi a mayiyo, a Doña Leonor de Vivero, omwe anamwalira zaka zapitazo. Anaimbidwa mlandu wogwiritsa ntchito nyumba yake ngati "kachisi wa Lutheran." 'Zinaganiziridwa kuti adamwalira mumkhalidwe wampatuko, kukumbukira kwake kunanenezedwa ndi kulandidwa katundu wake. Analamulidwa kuti mafupa ake akumbidwe ndi kuwotchedwa poyera ndi fano lake. Kuwonjezera apo, nyumba yawo inayenera kuwonongedwa, kuwaza mchere pamwamba pa malowo, ndi mzati womangidwa pamenepo wokhala ndi mawu ofotokoza chifukwa chimene anawonongedwera. Zonsezi zachitika’ ndipo chipilalacho chakhalapo pafupifupi zaka mazana atatu.

Panthawi ya auto-da-fé, chikhulupiriro chokwezeka ndi kukhazikika kosagonja kwa Apulotesitanti zinasonyezedwa pamlandu wa "Antonio Herrezuelo, woweruza wanzeru kwambiri, ndi mkazi wake, Doña Leonor de Cisneros, dona wanzeru kwambiri ndi wakhalidwe labwino wa kukongola kodabwitsa."

“Herrezuelo anali munthu wowongoka mtima ndi wotsimikiza mtima kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale kuzunzika kwa Bwalo la Inquisitory ‘Loyera’ sikukanamuchitira kalikonse. Pamafunso ake onse ndi oweruza [...] adadzinenera kukhala Mprotestanti kuyambira pachiyambi, osati Mprotestanti, koma woimira gulu lake mumzinda wa Toro, kumene adakhalapo kale. Apolisiwo ankafuna kuti atchule anthu amene anawaphunzitsa mfundo zatsopanozi, koma malonjezo, madandaulo, ndi ziwopsezo sizikanamusokoneza Herrezuelo kuti apereke anzake ndi otsatira ake. Komanso, ngakhale mazunzowo sakanatha kuswa chipiriro chake, chomwe chinali champhamvu kuposa mtengo wokalamba wa thundu kapena thanthwe lodzikuza lotuluka m’nyanja.
Mkazi wake […] nayenso anatsekeredwa m’ndende za Bwalo la Inquisition […] m’kupita kwa nthaŵi analoŵa m’zoopsa za m’makoma ang’onoang’ono, amdima, amene ankachitidwa ngati chigawenga, kutali ndi mwamuna wake, amene ankamukonda kwambiri kuposa moyo wake […] Choncho pomalizira pake ananena kuti wadzipereka yekha ku zolakwa za anthu ampatuko ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo anasonyeza chisoni chake ndi misozi yogwetsa misozi [...]
Patsiku la pompous auto-da-fé, pamene akuluakulu a inquisies anasonyeza kuti anali apamwamba, oimbidwa mlanduwo analowa m’bwalo lamilandu ndipo kuchokera pamenepo anamva ziweruzo zawo zikuwerengedwa. Herrezuelo anayenera kufa ndi moto wamoto, ndipo mkazi wake Doña Leonor anayenera kusiya ziphunzitso za Lutheran zimene poyamba ankatsatira n’kumakhala m’ndende zoperekedwa kaamba ka zimenezi mwa lamulo la Khoti “Loyera” la Inquisition. Kumeneko anayenera kulangidwa chifukwa cha zolakwa zake ndi kulapa ndi kunyozeka kwa mwinjiro wa kulapa, ndi kuphunzitsidwanso kuti amuteteze ku njira ya chiwonongeko chake chamtsogolo ndi chiwonongeko." De Castro, 167, 168.

Pamene Herrezuelo anatsogozedwa ku scaffold, “anakhudzidwa mtima ndi kuona mkazi wake atavala zovala zolapa; ndipo maonekedwe a iye (popeza sanathe kuyankhula) anam’yang’ana pamene anali kum’dutsa, ali m’njira yopita ku malo ophedwerako, anaoneka ngati akunena kuti: ‘Izi nzovutadi kupirira!’ Iye anamvetsera mopanda chifundo kwa amonkewo, amene anam’vutitsa ndi uphungu wawo wotopetsa kuti abwerere pamene ankapita naye kumoto. 'The Bachiller Herrezuelo', akutero Gonzalo de Illescas m'buku lake la Historia pontifical, 'adzilole kuti awotchedwe wamoyo ndi kulimba mtima kosaneneka. Ndinkakhala naye pafupi kwambiri moti ndinkatha kumuona bwinobwino komanso kuona mmene akuyendera komanso mmene ankaonekera. Sanathe kuyankhula, atatsekeredwa m'kamwa: [...] koma machitidwe ake onse adawonetsa kuti anali munthu wotsimikiza komanso wamphamvu modabwitsa yemwe adasankha kufa m'malawi amoto m'malo mokhulupirira ndi anzake zomwe adafunsidwa. Ngakhale kuti ndinayang’anitsitsa, sindinathe kuzindikira ngakhale pang’ono chizindikiro cha mantha kapena kupweteka; koma pankhope pake panali chisoni chonga chimene sindinachionepo.’ ( M’Crie, Chaputala 7 ).

Mkazi wake sanayiwale mawonekedwe ake otsazikana. 'Lingaliro,' akutero wolemba mbiri, 'loti anam'pweteketsa mtima m'nkhondo yoopsa yomwe anayenera kupirira, linayatsa moto wa chikondi kaamba ka chipembedzo chosintha chimene chinayaka mobisa m'chifuwa chake; ndipo posankha “kutsata chitsanzo cha kulimba mtima kwa wofera chikhulupiriro, kudalira mphamvu yopangidwa kukhala yangwiro mu kufooka,” iye “anasokoneza mwamphamvu njira ya kulapa imene anaiyamba”. Nthaŵi yomweyo anaponyedwa m’ndende, kumene kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu anakana zoyesayesa zilizonse za Apolisi zoti amubweze. Kenako nayenso anafera m’moto chifukwa mwamuna wake anamwalira. Amene sanagwirizane ndi mnzawo De Castro pamene anafuula kuti: ‘Okwatirana opanda chimwemwe, mofanana m’chikondi, mofanana m’chiphunzitso ndi mofanana mu imfa! Ndani amene sadzakhetsa misozi chifukwa cha kukumbukira kwanu, ndikuchita mantha ndi kunyoza oweruza omwe, m'malo mokopa mizimu ndi kukoma kwa mawu aumulungu, adagwiritsa ntchito mazunzo ndi moto ngati njira zokopa?" (De Castro, 171).

Umu ndi mmene zinalili ndi anthu ambiri amene anagwirizana kwambiri ndi Kusintha kwa Apulotesitanti m’zaka za m’ma 16 ku Spain. “Komabe, sitiyenera kunena kuti ofera chikhulupiriro a ku Spain anapereka moyo wawo pachabe ndi kukhetsa mwazi wawo pachabe. Anapereka nsembe za fungo lokoma kwa Mulungu.Anasiya umboni wa choonadi umene sunatayike konse” (M'Crie, Mawu Oyamba).

Kwa zaka zambiri, umboni umenewu walimbitsa kukhazikika kwa anthu amene anasankha kumvera Mulungu kuposa anthu. Ikupitirizabe kulimbitsa mtima anthu amene, panthaŵi ya mayesero awo, amasankha kuchirimika ndi kuteteza choonadi cha Mawu a Mulungu. Kupyolera mu chipiriro chawo ndi chikhulupiriro chosagwedezeka, iwo adzakhala mboni zamoyo za mphamvu yosintha ya chisomo chowombola.

mapeto a mndandanda

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Kumapeto: Conflicto de los Silos, 219-226