Martyr Jerome: Eyewitness Account

Martyr Jerome: Eyewitness Account
Mifananidzo: Tulio Barrios del Carpio

Poggio Bracciolini akaona kubvunzurudzwa uye kuurayiwa kwaJerome uye anoudza shamwari yake Leonardo nezvazvo. pamusoro Poggio Bracciolini

Einleitung

Iro bhuku rinobata-bata Jan Hus, munyengeri ndewezvinyorwa zvekunamata zvekunamata uye ingano. Isu takanga tisingazvizive patakaburitsa muna 1998 nehoffe-weltweit-verlag.

Chokwadika, manyuko enhau kazhinji kazhinji haana makakatanwa ayo anosunda vateereri vakawanda kurava rugwaro zvakakwana. Ndizvo zvakaitawo Johann Gottfried Munder, muparidzi we Stuttgart bhero reguta, iyo yakaonekwa kubva muna 1844-1848 uye zvichida ndiye munyori wechokwadi webhuku, zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvekufa kwaJan Hus uye zvichipa zvinyorwa zvaro kuna Poggio Bracciolini, uyo aizivikanwa netsamba inotevera. Tinopa iyi tsamba pfupi yakaenzana nezverufu rweshamwari yepedyo yaJan Hus kuvaverengi pano.

Poggio anokwazisa Leonardo d'Arezzo!

Pandakanga ndagara kwamazuva mashoma kuspa, ndakanyorera tsamba kuna Nikolaus wedu pamusoro peiyi kugara paspa, yandinofunga kuti uchaverenga. Pandakazodzokera kuKonstanz, kutongwa kwaHieronymus, uyo aipomerwa kuti aiva mupanduki, kwakatanga mazuva mashomanana gare gare uye kwaiva pachena. Asi ini zvino ndinoda kutsanangura nzira iyi kwauri, kune rumwe rutivi nekuda kwekukosha kwemaitiro, asi kune rumwe rutivi kunyanya nekuda kwechipo chemurume chekutaura uye dzidzo.

Murume anonakidza

Ndinoreurura handisati ndambosangana nemurume aizvidzivirira, kunyangwe nyaya dzeupenyu nerufu, akasvika pedyo nekutaura kwevakuru vatinoyemura zvakanyanya. Zvinoshamisa nemashoko api, kutaura kwakadini, nenharo dzipi, nechitarisiko chechiso uye nekuzvishingisa kwaakapindura vapikisi vake uye pakupedzisira akapa hurukuro yake yekuzvidzivirira, zvekuti munhu anofanira kuzvidemba kuti tarenda rakakura uye rakatanhamara rakadaro rinofanira kuva. akasvika manomano enhema akadaro Has; kana zvaari kupomerwa chiri chokwadi. Nekuti handizini kutonga pachinhu chikuru chakadai; uye naizvozvo ndinobvumirana neavo vanonzi vakachenjera. Uye usafunge kuti ndichatsanangura maitiro nenzira yemutori wenhau; izvo zvaizotungamira kure uye zvaizotora mazuva mazhinji. Ndichabata chete mamwe mashoma akakosha mapoinzi aunokwanisa kuona nawo fundo yemurume uyu.

Brave

Kunyange zvazvo zvakawanda zvakanga zvaunganidzwa mukurwisana naJerome, pahwaro hwayo akapomerwa kupandukira, kwakasarudzwa kuti anofanira kupindura pachena kupomero imwe neimwe. Naizvozvo apo akapinzwa mumusangano ndokukumbirwa kupindura pomero idzodzo, iye akaramba kwenguva refu, achitaura kuti aifanira kutanga abvumirwa kuzviruramisa amene asati apindura kuchera kwavavengi vake. Uye saka munhu anofanira kutanga ateerera kutaura kwake kwekuzvidzivirira uye chete ozosvika kune mhosva yaanopomerwa.

Asi chikumbiro ichi pachakarambwa, akasimuka, akapinda pakati peungano akati: “Kusaruramisira kwakadiniko kuti mumazuva ana mazana matatu namakumi mashanu andakanga ndiri mutorongo rakaipisisa kwazvo, muvhu rakaipisisa; mutsvina, muuranda, mukushayiwa kukuru, ndichiramba ndichiteerera vadzivisi vangu nevadzivisi vangu, asi musingadi kundinzwa kweawa imwe chete? Uye saka zvakadaro kuti mupfungwa dzako wakatondiisa muboka remunhu anosemesa, kunyangwe usati watomboziva kuti ndini ani, nekuti vaive nenzeve dzeumwe neumwe uye vaigona kukupwisa munguva yakareba zvekuti ini. ndiri munyengeri, muvengi wokutenda muna Mwari, akaziviswa kuti anoshora vanhu vechechi, asi iye zvino handipiwi banza rokuzviruramisa.” Uye akapfuurira kuti: “Asi imi muri vanhu uye hamusi vamwari, kwete vamwari. isingaperi asi inofa. Unogona kukanganisa uye kukanganisa, kunyengerwa, kunyengerwa, kunyengerwa. Zvinonzi vanhu vane mukurumbira, vakangwara zvikuru pasi rose, vakaungana pano! Zvakakodzera zvikuru kuti usaita chinhu nokuchimbidza, usingafungi, kana zvinopesana nokururamisira. Zvamazvirokwazvo, ndingori munhu muduku ane musoro uri mungozi uye handisi kutaura pachangu pachangu pano, uyo anorarama upenyu hwechinguvana; asi kunoratidzika kuva kunondigumbura kuti, pasinei zvapo nokungwara kwavanhu vazhinji kwazvo, mukupesana zvikuru nokururamisira, chirango chinofanira kuiswa pandiri, icho chichakuvadza zvishoma nechikonzero icho chimene kupfuura nomuenzaniso wayo wakashata.”

akangwara zvikuru

Paakanga aita izvi nounyanzvi nezvimwe zvakawanda, uye mheremhere nokugunun’una kwakavhiringidza kutaura kwake, zvakazorongwa kuti atange apindura mhosva yaaipomerwa ozomupa mukana wokutaura zvaaida kutaura. Saka, kubva pachikuva, mapfundo makuru epomero akaraviwa, ipapo akabvunzwa kana aida kutaura chinhu chipi nechipi, uye pakupedzisira pomero dzacho dzakasimbiswa nezvipupuriro.

Hazvitendeseki kuti akapindura neungwaru sei, nenharo dzipi dzaaizvidzivirira. Haana kutongotaura chinhu chipi nechipi chakanga chisingafaniri kuva chomunhu akadzikama, zvokuti kana mashoko ake airatidzira zvomenemene zvitendero zvake zvapachokwadi, munhu aisagona kuona chikonzero chakanaka chechirango chorufu, asi kwete kunyange mhaka dukusa. Zvese hazvisi zvechokwadi, akadaro, zvese zvinopomerwa zvakaitwa nevanomupikisa.

Pazvakaverengwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuti akanga ari mucheri weHoly See, mushori waPope weRoma, akaziviswa muvengi wevafundisi navaprista, mushori wekutenda kwechiKristu, akasimuka ndokuti nenzwi rakapfava. akatambanudza maoko ake akati, "Ndoendepiko? Ndiani rubatsiro kubvunza? Ndiani wokukumbira, wodaidza ani? Nezve iwe? Asi ava vatambudzi vangu vakaita kuti musava nehanya nemamiriro angu ezvinhu nokunditi muvengi wevanhu vose, kana kuti zvimwe chete wevaya vachatonga pano? Zviri pachena kuti vaifunga kuti muchandiburutsa nemitongo yenyu, kunyange zvazvo zvamakandinyorera zvaiita sezvisingakoshi, nokuti ndakatukwa zvisina kururama somuvengi nomushori wavose. Saka kana ukatenda mashoko avo, hapana chimwe chandingatarisira muupenyu hwangu.”

zvinosetsa

Akatsiura vakawanda nekuseka uye kutaura kwakananga, achidzokorora kuseka vakawanda panyaya iyi yakakomba nokuseka pamusoro pezvaipomerwa vanhu ivavo.

Paakabvunzwa kuti ainzwa sei nezvesakaramende yeatari, akati: “Kutsaurwa kusati kwaitwa chingwa, pashure pokunge wava muviri wechokwadi waKristu.” Uye akatsanangura zvimwe zvose maererano nokutenda kwechiKristu. Ipapo mumwe munhu akapindira: “Asi kune avo vanotaura kuti wakataura kuti pashure pokutsaurira chakanga chiri chingwa.” Kwavari iye wekupedzisira akapindura kuti: “Chinoramba chiri chingwa pamubiki wechingwa!” Uye apo mumwe wavaDominic akamumanikidza zvikuru , akati: “Nyarara, iwe munyengeri!” Uye kune mumwe, uyo akapika nehana yakanaka pamusoro pake, akati: “Ndiyo nzira yechokwadi yokutsausa nayo vamwe.

Humble

Zvisinei, nyaya yacho payakatadza kupedzwa musi iwoyo nekuda kwehuwandu uye huipi hwezvaipomerwa, yakasendekwa kuzuva rechitatu. Apo zvakanga zviri mupomero yomunhu oga zvakaraviwa ndokusimbiswa nezvapupu zvakati kuti, uyu murume akasimuka ndokuti: “Sezvo makanyatsoteerera vadzivisi vangu, zvine mufungo bedzi kuti zvino munofanirawo kuva nomwoyo murefu pandinotaura. anoteerera.” Pakupedzisira, kunyange zvazvo pakati pokunyomba kukuru, akapiwa mukana wokupindura, akakurudzira ndokukumbira Mwari kuti chimiro chendangariro chakadaro kwaari chiratidzwe, kuti mukana wakadaro upiwe kwaari kuti azivise kuti nhau yacho yaigona kutendeukira kwaari. zvakanaka, kuruponeso rwake.

nhoroondo

“Ndinoziva, varume vakadzidza zvikuru,” akadaro pakupedzisira, “kuti kwave kune varume vakawanda vakatanhamara vakatsungirira zvirango zvakafanira chiremera chavo, vakawanirwa mhaka nezvapupu zvenhema, vakawanirwa mhaka nemitongo isina kururama.” Akatanga Socrates uye akarondedzera kuti akatongerwa sei zvisina kururama nevanhu vokwake uye akanga asingadi kutiza, kunyange zvazvo mukana wacho wakazviwanira, kuti abvise kutya kwezvibhakera zviviri zvokupedzisira izvo vanhu vanorangarira kuva zvakaoma zvikuru: kupfigirwa mutorongo norufu . Ipapo akarangarira kupfigirwa mutorongo kwaPlato, kutambura kwaAnaxagoras naZeno, kushorwa kusina kururama kwevahedheni vazhinji, kutongwa kwaRutilius, uko kwaBoethius navamwe avo, maererano naBoethius, vaifanira kutambura rufu rusina kufanirwa. Akabva asvika pamienzaniso yevaJudha akabva angorondedzera kuti Mosesi, mununuri wevanhu vake nomupi womutemo, ainyanya kucherwa sei nevake, uyezve kuti Josefa akatengeswa sei nevakoma vake negodo uye akazosungwa nengetani achipomerwa mhosva yeupombwe. . Kunze kwavo akaronga Isaya, Dhanieri uye vaporofita vose avo, sevashori vaMwari, savapanduki, vakawira mushurikidzo dzisina kururama. Uyewo kupiwa mhosva kwaSusanna nevarume vakawanda avo, kunyange zvazvo vakanga varatidzika kuva vanonamata zvikuru, vaifanira kufa nemhaka yemitongo isina kururama uye kutongwa kwedare. Zvino, achiuya kuna Johane Mubhapatidzi noMuponesi wedu, akati zvaizikanwa navose kuti vakanga vapiwa mhaka pahwaro hwezvapupu zvenhema norutongeso rwenhema; uyezve, Stefano akaurawa nedare ravaprista, vaapostora vose vakatongerwa rufu, kwete savanhu vanokudzwa, asi savanyanduri vapanduki vavanhu, savashori vaMwari namakororo akaipa. Iye akati, zvakanga zvakaipa kuti muprista apiwe mhosva nomupristi; asi izvi zvaitika, akatsanangura. Kusaruramisira kukuru kunovapo kana kupiwa mhosva kuchiuya nedare ravaprista; asi akapa muenzaniso kune izvozvo zvakare. Kusaruramisira kukuru, zvisinei, kuri apo kunoitika kupfurikidza nekanzuru. Uye akaratidza kuti izviwo zvakanga zvatoitika.

kutaura

Izvi akanga azvikurukura zvine mutsindo uye nekupesana kukuru. Asi nemhaka youremu hunokosha hwakapiwa kuzvapupu muiyi kutongwa, akatsanangura munzira dzakawanda kuti zvapupu izvi hazvifaniri kudavirwa, zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti ufakazi hwazvo hwose hwakanga husiri hwechokwadi, asi hwaitungamirirwa noruvengo, pfundepfunde uye shanje. Ipapo akatsanangura zvikonzero zvoruvengo rwavo nenzira yakadaro zvokuti akanga asiri kure nokuvapwisa; zvikonzero izvi zvainzwisisika zvekuti kutenda kudiki kwaigona kupihwa kune zvapupu izvi, kunze kwemibvunzo yekutenda.

Munhu wese akabayiwa mwoyo uye akanzwa tsitsi. Akanga ataurawo kuti akanga auya kuKanzuru achida kuti azvipembedze, akanga aratidza curriculum vitae uye zvidzidzo zvake, izvo zvakazadzwa nebasa uye hunhu. Iye akanga aonesa kuti kwakanga kwakarovedzeka kuti varume vekare, vakadzidza zvikuru uye vatsvene zvikurusa vave nemirangariro yakasiana panhau dzokutenda, uko kwakanga kusingatungamiriri kukuneteswa kwokutenda asi kukuwana kutenda kwechokwadi. Nokudaro Augustine naJerome vakanga vasingawirirani uye vaimiririra kwete chete kusiyana asi kunyange pfungwa dzinopikisa, pasina kunyumwira kupi nokupi kwokuramba kutenda.

steadfast

Wese munhu aitarisira kuti azviruramise uye azviendese kure nezvinopomerwa, kana kukumbira ruregerero pakukanganisa kwake. Asi wekupedzisira wacho akataura nemwoyo wose kuti akanga asina kukanganisa kana kuda kuzvibvisa papomero dzakaitwa nevamwe vanhu, uye pakupedzisira akasvika pakurumbidza Jan Hus, uyo akanga atotongerwa rufu nemoto, uye akamurondedzera somunhu. murume akanaka, akarurama uye mutsvene akanga asina kufanirwa norufu rwakadai.

Iyewo, akagadzirira kutsungirira rufu rupi norupi runobvira noushingi uye akatsiga uye kuti azvipire kuvavengi vake nezvapupu zviya zvinonyepa zvisinganyari, asi izvo zvino zvinofanira kupa kuzvidavirira pamusoro pezvavakataura pamberi paMwari, uyo wavasingagoni kunyengera, pakupedzisira. Kutonga.

Kusuwa kukuru kweavo vaiva pedyo; vaida kuona murume uyu aishamisa achiponeswa kana chete akanga aratidza mafungiro akanaka. Wokupedzisira, zvisinei, akarambira mumurangariro wake uye airatidzika kuva anoshuva rufu, achirumbidza Jan Hus uye achitaura kuti akanga asina mirangariro iyo yakanga inopesana nechimiro cheChechi yaMwari, asi panzvimbo pezvo bedzi ayo akanga achipesana nokunyanyisa kwavanhu vechechi. , kudada, kuzvikudza nekuzvikudza kwevakuru. Nokuti sezvo fuma yekereke ichitanga kuvarombo, tevere varombo, vuye pakupedzisira, pakuvakwa kwekereke, kwaari unofunga kuti haana kufanira kuti munhu anokudzwa arase izvozvo pazvifeve, napamitambo yomutambo, napakukudza mabhiza, kana pakukwidzwa kwamabhiza. imbwa, zvipfeko zvinoyevedza, kana zvimwe zvinhu zvisingaenderani nedzidziso yaKristu zvinofanira kubvumirana.

Kusatya

Izvi zvinotevera, zvisinei, zvakaratidza hunhu hwake hunokosha: apo hurukuro yake yaiwanzovhiringidzwa nemarudzi ose eruzha uye akanetswa nevamwe vanhu vaida kuunza pfungwa dzake kubva kwaari, haana kusiya mumwe wavo asina kukuvadzwa, akatsiura munhu wose zvakaenzana ndokuvaita kunyara kana kunyarara . Pakamuka kugunun’una, airamba akanyarara, dzimwe nguva achikwenya mhomho yevanhu ozoenderera mberi nekutaura, achikumbira kuti abvumidzwe kutaura kana varega kuteerera. Haana kumboratidza kutya pamhirizhonga idzi uye akaramba akasimba uye asingatyi.

Asi uhwu uchapupu hunoshamisa hwendangariro yake: Akanga apedza mazuva mazana matatu ane makumi mana ari pasi peshongwe ine svikiro uye yakasviba, nguva yaakanyunyuta pamusoro pehutsinye hwake (achitaura kuti, sezvinofanira murume akashinga, aichema chema. , asingachemi kuti akanga atambura marwadzo asina kufanirwa, asi kuti aingoshamiswa bedzi noutsinye hwavanhu kwaari) uye umo akanga asina banza, ndoda kurava, kunyange kuona. Handisi kana kutaura nezvefunganyo dzake dzinofanira kunge dzaimutambudza zuva nezuva, izvo zvaifanira kunge zvakadzima ndangariro dzose; asi akadudza varume vazhinji vakadzidza zvikuru uye vakachenjera zvikurusa sezvapupu zvemifungo yake, Vanachiremba vazhinji kwazvo veChechi sevanotsigira mifungo yake, zvokuti zvaizova zvakapfuura zvakakwana kudai akanga apedza nguva yose iyi mukuzorora kwakakwana uye angadai akazvipira. pachake kuzvidzidzo zveunyanzvi murunyararo rwakakwana. Inzwi rake rakanga rakapfava, rakajeka, rine ruzha, uye rine chiremerera chakati. Nematauriro ake ekutaura, aigona kuratidza kushatirwa pamwe chete nekumutsa tsitsi, izvo zvaaisada kana kuda kukunda. Akamira ipapo asingatyi, asingatyi, asingatyi rufu chete asi achitsvaka, kuti adaidzwe kuti Cato yechipiri. Haiwa, iwe munhu, waifanira kunge wakarangarirwa nokusingaperi! Kana aine maonero anopesana nemutemo weChechi, handirumbidzi; asi ndinoyemura dzidzo yake, ruzivo rwake rwezvidzidzo zvakawanda, kugona kwake kutaura, matauriro ake anofadza, nekunaka kwake mukururamisa kwake. Asi ndinotya kuti zvisikwa zvakaisa zvipo izvi paari kumuparadza. Akabva apiwa mamwe mazuva maviri ekutendeuka.

Varume vakawanda vakadzidza zvikuru vakauya kwaari kuzomudzivisa kubva panzvimbo yake, pakati pavo Kadhinari weFlorence, uyo akauya kwaari kuzomuisa munzira yakarurama; asi paakarambira mukusindimara mukukanganisa kwake, akatongwa somunyengeri uye akapiswa nedare remakurukota.

rufu akashinga

Nechiso chinofara uye chiso chakagadzikana akamirira rufu rwake, asingatyi moto, kwete rudzi rwekutambudzwa uye rufu. Hapana Stoic akamboshingirira rufu aine pfungwa dzakasimba uye dzakashinga sezvaaiita seanoshuvira. Paakasvika panzvimbo yaaiurayirwa, iye pachake akabvisa nguo dzake, akapfugama ndokurumbidza danda, raakanga akasungirirwa. Kutanga akasungwa asina kupfeka netambo dzakanyorova uye pakupedzisira nengetani padanda. Ipapo matanda akaturikidzwa kusvika paurefu hwechipfuva akamupoteredza, kwete maduku, asi makuru, ane uswa pakati pawo. Pakabatidzwa pire, akatanga kuimba rwiyo rwekuti hutsi nemoto zvaisagona kukanganisa. Uye uhwu zvimwe ndihwo humbowo hukuru hwekutsungirira kwake: muurayi paakada kubatidza moto seri kwemusana wake kuti asauona, akashevedzera kuti: “Uyai kuno muuvhenekere pamberi pemaziso angu! Nokuti dai ndakatya moto, ndingadai ndisina kumbosvika panzvimbo iyi, yandaigona kudzivisa.
Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo murume mukuru, kunze kwekutenda kwake, akasangana nemagumo ake. Ndakanga ndiri chapupu chakaona kuguma uku uye ndakaona zvese zvese. Angave akaita nenzira iyi nokutenda kusina kururama kana kuti nokuoma musoro, rufu rwomumwe murume weboka ravazivi rwakarondedzerwa.

Ndakakuudza rose litany nekuti ini ndanga ndine nguva uye nekuti ndaida kuita chimwe chinhu kunyangwe ini ndisiri kuita chero chinhu uye kukuudza nezve zviitiko zvinofanana nenyaya dzevakuru. Nokuti kunyange Mucius akakurumbira, ane ushingi hwakadaro, haana kupiswa nemuviri wake sezvakaita muviri wake wose, uye Socrates haana kunwa chepfu nekuzvidira sezvakagamuchira moto. Asi izvozvo zvinofanira kunge zvakakwana ikozvino. Ndiregerereiwo kana ndanyanya kutaura, asi nyaya yacho inokodzera nhoroondo yakakwana; asi ndanga ndisingarevi kunyanyisa.

Farai, mudiwa wangu Leonardo!

Yakaturikirwa kubva muchiLatin naWolfram Berger. Mifananidzo naTulio Barrios del Carpio.

Mamwe manyuko:

http://www.elfinspell.com/PoggioLetter.html

Poggio Bracciolini mune: Fontes rerum Bohemicarum VIII, mapeji 332-334.
Onawo: RNWatkins, "Kufa kwaJerome wePrague", mu: speculum 42, 1958, pana Poggio cf. p.112-114.
Uyezve: Poggio Bracciolini, Gian Francesco, Opera Omnia, Turin 1964-1969.

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