Ukulangazelela inkululeko. Ngu-Ellen White, uClarence Crisler, HH Hall

Ixesha lokufunda: imizuzu emi-13

Esi sahluko sencwadi ethi The Great Controversy sifumaneka kuphela kwinguqulelo yeSpanish kwaye sahlanganiswa ngoonobhala bakhe egameni likaEllen White.

Ukuqala kwenkulungwane ye-16 kungqamana 'nexesha lobugorha lembali yaseSpain: ixesha lokoyisa kokugqibela kwamaMoors kunye nokoyisa kothando kwihlabathi elitsha. Ngeli xesha inzondelelo yonqulo neyomkhosi yaphawula indlela elibalaseleyo ngayo ilizwe laseSpeyin. Ubungangamsha baseSpain baqondwa kwaye boyikwa emfazweni, kwidiplomacy nakwi-statecraft.« Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-15 uColumbus wafumana »imimandla emikhulu netyebileyo kakhulu« kwaye wayinikezela kwisithsaba saseSpain. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-16, umntu wokuqala waseYurophu wabona uLwandlekazi lwePasifiki; kwaye ngelixa izithsaba zikaCharlemagne noBarbarossa zazibekwe entloko kaCharlemagne eAachen, "uMagellan wayethatha uhambo olukhulu olwaluza kukhokelela ekujikelezweni kwehlabathi, kwaye uCortes wayebandakanyeke ekoyiseni okunzima kweMexico." Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini kamva "uPizarro wayigqiba ngempumelelo iPeru" (I-Encyclopaedia Britannica, uhlelo lwesithoba, Art. »Charles V.«).

UCharles V wenyuka esihlalweni njengomlawuli waseSpain naseNaples, eNetherlands, eJamani naseAustria "ngexesha apho iJamani yayikwimo yesiphithiphithi esingazange sibonwe ngaphambili" (ibid.). Ngokusungulwa komatshini wokushicilela, iBhayibhile yasasazeka emakhayeni abantu, yaye njengoko abaninzi babefunda ukuzifundela iLizwi likaThixo, ukukhanya kwenyaniso kwabushenxisa ubumnyama beenkolelo njengesityhilelo esitsha. Kwakucacile ukuba babezishiyile iimfundiso zabaseki bebandla lokuqala njengoko zibhaliwe kwiTestamente eNtsha (Motley, Imbali yeSiseko seRiphabhlikhi yePhondo eliManyeneyo, Intshayelelo, XII). Phakathi kwemiyalelo ye-monastic, "ubomi be-monastic bonakaliswe kangangokuba iimonki ezihle kakhulu zazingenakukwazi ukunyamezela" (Kurtz, Kirchengeschichte, p. 125). Abanye abantu abaninzi ababenxulumana neCawa babengafani ncam noYesu nabapostile bakhe. AmaKatolika anyanisekileyo awayeluthanda yaye eluhlonela unqulo lwamandulo ayekhwankqisiwe ngumbono owawusenzeka phambi kwawo. Kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi “ukonakala kwaqondwa ngokucacileyo” okwakungene eCaweni, yaye “ulangazelelo ngokubanzi lohlaziyo lwaya lubonakala ngakumbi nangakumbi” (ibid., isiqendu 122).

AmaLuthere anempembelelo eSpeyin

"Unqwenela ukuphefumla umoya ophilileyo, abavangeli bavela kuyo yonke indawo, bephefumlelwe yimfundiso ecocekileyo" (ibid., p. 125). AmaKatolika amaninzi awaziwayo nazimiseleyo angamaKristu, kuquka abefundisi abambalwa baseSpeyin nabaseItali, bathelela lo mbutho, owasasazeka ngokukhawuleza eJamani naseFransi. Njengoko uBhishophu omkhulu ofundileyo waseToledo, uBartolomé de Carranza, wachaza kwiinkcazo zakhe kwiCatechism, aba babhishophu abangcwele babenqwenela "ukuvuselela ngokulula kunye nobunyulu bomoya wamandulo wookhokho bethu kunye noluntu lwamandulo" ( Bartolomé Carranza y Miranda, Amagqabantshintshi ngeCatechism yobuKristu, Antwerp, 1558, 233; icatshulwe nguKurtz, iphe. 139).

Abantu baseSpain: abantu abathanda inkululeko

Abefundisi baseSpeyin baba nendima ephambili ekubuyeleni kubuKristu bokuqala. Abantu baseSpeyin abasoloko bethanda inkululeko ababenayo kwiinkulungwane zokuqala zexesha lobuKristu bala ngenkani ukubuvuma ubungangamsha boobhishophu baseRoma; yaye kwaba semva kweenkulungwane ezisibhozo kuphela eyathi ekugqibeleni yalivuma ilungelo leRoma lokuphazamisana negunya kwimicimbi yayo yangaphakathi. Ngokuchanekileyo ukutshabalalisa lo moya wenkululeko, owawuphawulwa ngabantu baseSpeyin kwiinkulungwane zamva, apho bavuma ukongama koopopu, ngowe-1483, kwiyure eyingozi eSpeyin, uFerdinand noIsabella bagunyazisa ukusekwa kweNkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa njengenkundla esisigxina. iCastile kunye nokusekwa kwayo kwakhona eAragon kunye noThomas de Torquemada njengoMhloli Jikelele.

Ingcwaba Lenkululeko

Ebudeni bolawulo lukaCharles V, “ukucinezelwa kwenkululeko yabantu, eyayisele ikho ngemihla kayisemkhulu nonyana wakhe awayeza kuyinciphisa ibe yinkqubo, phezu kwazo nje izibongozo zamaCortes, yaqhubeka ingalawuleki […] . Kwathatha bonke ubuchule bomphathiswa wakhe odumileyo, uKhadinali Jimenez, ukuthintela ukwaphulwa okubonakalayo. Ekuqaleni kolawulo lokumkani (1520), izixeko zaseCastile zanyanzelwa ukuba zivukele ukuze zilondoloze inkululeko yazo yamandulo. Imvukelo yayinokutyunyuzwa kuphela ngobunzima (1521)"I-New International Encyclopaedia, ed. 1904, art. "Charlemagne"). Umgaqo-nkqubo walo mlawuli, njengalowo kayisemkhulu uFerdinand, yayikukuchasa umoya wexesha elithile ngokubhekisele kwimiphefumlo kunye nemizimba yabantu abaninzi njengempahla yomntu ngamnye (Motley, intshayeleloX). Njengoko umbhali-mbali wakha wathi: »Ubukhosi obuzidlayo bukaCharles V bavuka engcwabeni lenkululeko (ibid., Intshayelelo).

Nangona kunjalo: ayithinteki

Ngaphandle kwezi nzame zibalaseleyo zokuhlutha amadoda inkululeko yawo yenkcubeko nenkolo, kunye neengcinga, "inzondelelo yonqulo edibene nethuku elinzulu lenkululeko yoluntu" (ibid., xi) yaphembelela amadoda nabafazi abaninzi ukuba benze njalo abambelele ngokuqinileyo kwiimfundiso zeBhayibhile aze akhusele ilungelo awayenalo lokunqula uThixo ngokuvisisana nezazela zawo. Ngaloo ndlela intshukumo efana nenguqulelo yonqulo kwamanye amazwe yanwenwa eSpeyin. Kanye njengokuba okufunyenweyo kwiLizwe eliNtsha kwathembisa amajoni kunye nabarhwebi imihlaba engenamda kunye nobutyebi obumangalisayo, amalungu amaninzi aphezulu abeka iminqopho yawo ngokuqinileyo kuloyiso olukhulu kunye nobutyebi obuhlala buhleli bevangeli. Iimfundiso zeZibhalo ngokuzolileyo zangena ezintliziyweni zamadoda anjengoAlfonso de Valdés, unobhala kaCharles V, umntakwabo uJuan de Valdés, unobhala weSekela yaseNaples, noConstantine Ponce de la Fuente oliciko, umfundisi nomfundisi. kuCharles V, awathi ngaye uPhilip II "wayesisithandi sobulumko esibalaseleyo nomfundi wezakwalizwi onzulu, kwaye engomnye wawona madoda abalaseleyo epulpitini nobuciko obukhoyo kwinkumbulo ephilayo". Impembelelo yeZibhalo yayinamandla ngakumbi xa wayengena kumzi osisityebi waseSan Isidro del Campo, apho phantse zonke iimonki zalamkela ngovuyo iLizwi likaThixo njengesibane ezinyaweni zazo nokukhanya endleleni yazo. Nkqu noBhishophu Omkhulu uCarranza kwafuneka alwele ubomi bakhe ngaphakathi kweendonga zeNkundla YokuNcina Amakholwa phantse iminyaka engamashumi amabini emva kokunyuselwa kwakhe kwiprimate ngenxa yokubambelela kwakhe kwiimfundiso zeBhayibhile.

Uncwadi njengesithunywa esithe cwaka semfundiso yokugwetyelwa

Kwangowe-1519, imibhalo yabahlaziyi baqalisa ukuvela kwamanye amazwe ikwimo yamaphecana amancinane esiLatini. Kwiinyanga kamva, kwalandela imisebenzi ebanzi ngakumbi, phantse yonke ngeSpanish. Banikela iBhayibhile njengelitye lokuvavanya kuyo yonke imfundiso, uHlaziyo njengemfuneko, baza bacacisa iinyaniso ezinkulu zokugwetyelwa ngokholo nenkululeko ngevangeli.

AbaHlaziyi bafundisa oku: ‘Owokuqala, owona msebenzi ubalaseleyo, nobalaseleyo kuyo yonke imisebenzi, lukholo kuYesu Kristu. Yonke eminye imisebenzi imele iphume kulo msebenzi.’ ‘Umntu okholwayo kuThixo wenza yonke into ngokuzithandela nangovuyo, ngoxa umntu ongekho kunye noThixo ehlala embandezelweni yaye ehlala ebukhobokeni. Uyazibuza ngexhala ukuba mingaphi na imisebenzi elungileyo ekusafuneka ayenze; ubaleka ngapha nangapha; ubuza le naleya, akafumani kuphumla naphi na kwaye wenza yonke into ngokucaphuka noloyiko.« »Ukholo luvela kuphela kuYesu Krestu, luthenjisiweyo kwaye lukhululekile. Owu mntundini, khawube nomfanekiso ngqondweni kaMesiya, uqwalasele indlela uThixo akwenzele inceba ngayo kuye ngokungenanjongo. Kulo mfanekiso wobabalo lwakhe, fumana ukholo nokuqiniseka ukuba zonke izono zakho zixolelwe: akukho misebenzi inokuzisa oko. Kwigazi, kumanxeba, ekufeni kukaMesiya ngokwawo kuphuma ukholo oluphuma entliziyweni.

Kwelinye lamaphecana umahluko phakathi kokugqwesa kokholo nemisebenzi yabantu ucaciswe ngolu hlobo:

“Uthe ke yena uThixo, Lowo ukholiweyo wabhaptizwa, wosindiswa.’ Eli dinga likaThixo lilungile ngaphezu kwako konke ukuqhayisa ngemisebenzi, kuzo zonke izibhambathiso, kuzo zonke izinto ezikholisayo, kuzo zonke izicelo, nakuzo zonke izinto athe umntu wazenza; kuba phezu kwesi sithembiso kuxhomekeke kulo lonke ulonwabo lwethu ukuba siyasamkela ngokholo. Xa sikholwa, iintliziyo zethu zomelezwa lidinga likaThixo; kwaye nokuba zonke bezithatyathwe kwikholwa, ukholo kweso sithembiso beluya kumxhasa. Wayeza kuxhathisa utshaba olufuna ukumhlasela yaye unokujamelana nokufa okungenanceba nomgwebo kaThixo. Intuthuzelo yakhe kubo bonke ubunzima kukuba uthi: Ndamkela intlahlela ngobhaptizo; Ukuba uThixo ungakum, ngubani na ongandichasayo? Hayi indlela asisityebi ngayo umKristu nobhaptiziweyo! Akukho nto angaphulukana nayo ngaphandle kokuba akafuni ukukholelwa.

Umbhali wale ncwadi wabuza: “Ukuba umKristu ulufumana usindiso lwakhe olungunaphakade ekuhlaziyeni kwakhe ubhaptizo ngokholo, ngoko kutheni le nto kufuneka imimiselo yaseRoma? Wongezelela ngelithi, ngoko ndivakalisa ukuba akukho popu okanye ubhishophu naye nabani na ongomnye onelungelo lokunyanzelisa nantoni na kumKristu ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe. Yonke enye into bubuzwilakhe. Sikhululekile kuyo yonke into […] UThixo ugweba yonke imisebenzi ngokholo. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka ukuba umsebenzi olula wesicaka okanye isicakakazi uyakholeka ngakumbi kuThixo kunokuzila kunye nemisebenzi yonqulo olungenalukholo. Abantu abangamaKristu ngabantu bakaThixo bokwenene.” (D'Aubigé, I-Histoire de la Reformation du seizième siècle, lib. 6, isahl. 6)

Elinye iphecana lafundisa ukuba umKristu wokwenyaniso, xa esebenzisa inkululeko yakhe yokholo, uyawahlonela amagunya akhoyo. Ukuthanda ummelwane kumqhubela ekubeni aziphathe ngobulumko aze anyaniseke kubalawuli belizwe. “Nangona umKristu [...] ekhululekile, ngokuzithandela uzenza umkhonzi aze abaphathe abazalwana bakhe ngendlela uThixo amphatha ngayo ngoYesu Kristu.” “Ndifuna,” utsho umbhali, “ubawo ukhonza ngokukhululekileyo, ovuyayo nongazingciyo. , ondirhole bonke ubutyebi bakhe; Ndifuna ukubaphatha abazalwana bam ngendlela uMesiya awandiphatha ngayo.” Umbhali uhlabela mgama esithi: “Ngokholo, kuphuma ubomi benkululeko, uthando novuyo. Owu, hayi indlela obuzuke nobuzuke ngayo ubomi bomKristu! […] Ngokholo umKristu uphakama aye kuThixo; ngothando ugoba emntwini; ukanti uhlala emanyene noThixo. Le yinkululeko yokwenene, inkululeko egqwesa zonke ezinye iinkululeko njengoko izulu liwugqwesa umhlaba.« (ibid., isahl. 7)

Ezi ngxelo zenkululeko yegospile zazingenako ukungahoywa kwilizwe apho uthando lwenkululeko lwendele nzulu. Amaphecana kunye namaphecana ahanjiswa ngesandla ukuya kwesinye. IThe Friends of the Gospel Movement eSwitzerland, eJamani naseNetherlands yaqhubeka ithumela iimpapasho ezininzi eSpeyin. Kwakungelula ukuba abarhwebi basabe esweni abancedisi beNkundla YokuNcina Amakholwa; kuba benza konke okusemandleni abo ukuze baziphelise iimfundiso eziHlaziyiweyo ngokuchasa umsinga woncwadi olwalugqugqisile kwelo lizwe.

umrhwebi wothixo

Nangona kunjalo, abahlobo bonobangela abazange batyhafe de kwangeniswa amawaka amaphecana kunye namaphecana, ebaleka ukuba bukhali kwabameli kumazibuko amakhulu eMeditera nakwiindlela zePyrenees. Ngamanye amaxesha oku kukhutshwa kwakubekwe kwi-hay okanye kwi-jute bales (i-hemp evela e-Indiya) okanye kwii-casks ze-Burgundy okanye iwayini ye-champagne (HC Lea, Izahluko ezivela kwiMbali yoNqulo yaseSpeyin, iphepha 28). Maxa wambi zazipakishwa kwibhekile engaphakathi engangeni manzi ngaphakathi kumphanda omkhulu ozaliswe yiwayini. Unyaka nonyaka, kuyo yonke inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu, kwenziwa umgudu othe gqolo wokubonelela abantu ngeeTestamente neeBhayibhile zeSpanish, kunye nemibhalo yabaHlaziyi. Kwakuyixesha apho "ilizwi elishicilelweyo lathatha amaphiko, athi, njengomoya, athwala imbewu kwiindawo ezikude" ( D'Aubigé, Lib. 1, Ch. 9).

Ebudeni belo xesha iNkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa yazama ngobulumko ngokuphindiweyo ukuthintela ezo ncwadi ukuba zingaweli ezandleni zabantu. Abanini beevenkile zeencwadi kwafuneka banikezele ngeencwadi ezininzi kwiNkundla YokuNcina Amakholwa kangangokuba baphantse batshona.” (UGqr. JP Fisher, Historia de la Reformation, iphe. 359) Iintlelo ezipheleleyo zohluthwa, ukanti imibhalo yeencwadi ezibalulekileyo, kuquka iiTestamente Entsha ezininzi neenxalenye zeTestamente Endala, yangena emakhayeni abantu ngenxa yemigudu yabarhwebi neecolporteurs. Oku kuyinyaniso ngokukodwa kumaphondo asemantla, iCatalonia, Aragon neOld Castile, apho amaWaldo ngomonde ahlwayela imbewu, eyaqalisa ukuntshula yaza yathembisa isivuno esiyintabalala.

UJulian Hernandez

Oyena vulindlela wanyamezelayo nowayenethamsanqa nguJulián Hernández, ingqayi, owayedla ngokuzenza umrhwebi okanye imuleteer, wahamba izihlandlo ezininzi esinge eSpeyin, edlula kwiiPyrenees okanye kwelinye lamazibuko asemazantsi eSpeyin. Ngokutsho kombhali ongumJesuit uFray Santiáñez, uJulian wayengummi waseSpeyin “owayishiyayo iJamani ngenjongo yokungcolisa iSpeyin yonke waza watyhutyha inxalenye enkulu yayo, esasaza iincwadi ezininzi zeemfundiso ezigqwethekileyo kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo neemfundiso zikaLuther ezazihlwayelwa phakathi kwamadoda nabafazi. , ngakumbi eSeville. Wayenobuqhophololo kwaye enobuqhophololo (imeko engaqhelekanga kubavukeli). Wenza umonakalo kulo lonke elaseCastile naseAndalusia. Wayengena ephuma kunye nemigibe yakhe namaqhinga ngokuqiniseka okukhulu, kwaye afake imililo naphi na apho wayenyathela khona unyawo lwakhe.

Ngoxa ukusasazwa kweencwadi ezishicilelweyo kwenza ukuba iimfundiso eziHlaziyiweyo zaziwe eSpeyin, ‘ukwandiswa kolawulo lukaCharles V eJamani naseNetherlands kwabangela ukuba iSpeyin ibe nolwalamano olusenyongweni naloo mazwe, nto leyo eyanika abantu baseSpeyin, amarhamente nabefundisi ithuba elihle lokufumanisa oko. ngeemfundiso zamaProtestanti, kwaye bambalwa abazamkela ngobubele.” (Umlobi, Historia de la Reformation, 360) Phakathi kwabo kwakukho nabanye ababekwizikhundla eziphezulu zikawonke-wonke, abanjengoAlfonso noJuan de Valdés, oonyana bakaDon Fernando de Valdés, umveleli wesixeko samandulo saseCuenca.

Alfonso de Valdes

UAlfonso de Valdés, owathi njengonobhala wasebukhosini wahamba noCharles V ukuya ekubekweni kwakhe etroneni ngowe-1520 nakwiDiet of Worms ngowe-1521, wasebenzisa uhambo lwakhe lokuya eJamani naseNetherlands ukuze afunde ngemvelaphi nokusasazwa kwenkqubo yobuvangeli waza wabhala iiLeta ezimbini eziya kwintsapho yakhe. abahlobo baseSpeyin benikela ingxelo eneenkcukacha ngoko wakuvayo, kuquka nengxelo eneenkcukacha yokuvela kukaLuther kwiSidlo. Malunga neminyaka elishumi kamva wayekunye noCharles V eAugsburg Reichstag. Apho waba nethuba lokuncokola ngokukhululekileyo noMelanchthon. Wamqinisekisa ukuba “impembelelo yakhe yanceda ekushenxiseni iingcamango zobuxoki engqondweni yomlawuli; nokuba kudliwano-ndlebe lwamva wayalelwa ukuba axelele uMelanchthon ukuba uNgangamsha unqwenela ukuba abhale ushwankathelo olucacileyo lwezimvo zamaLuthere, ezichasanisa inqaku nenqaku nezo zeentshaba zawo. Lo mhlaziyi wasithobela ngovuyo eso sicelo, yaye umphumo womsebenzi wakhe wadluliselwa nguValdes kuCampegio, igqwetha likapopu. Esi senzo asizange sisinde kwiliso elibukhali leNkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa. Emva kokuba uValdes ebuyele kwilizwe lakhe lokuzalwa, waxoxwa phambi kweOfisi Engcwele waza wagwetywa njengomrhanelwa wobuLuthere” ( M’Crie, isahlu. 4 ).

Teil 2

Isiphelo: I-Conflicto de los Silos, 219-226