Isiprofeto seBhayibhile njengomthombo wenkululeko ehlala ihleli. NguKen McGaughey

Ixesha lokufunda: imizuzu emi-15

UHlaziyo lwasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke elaseYurophu ngenkulungwane ye-16. IRoma yayixhalabile ngomlinganiselo woqhekeko yaye yayizimisele ukuluphelisa. Noko ke, intshutshiso ayizange iphumelele njengoko iRoma yayilindele. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, okukhona ayecinezelwa ngakumbi amaProtestanti, kokukhona aye esiba namandla. Yiyo loo nto begqibe ngendlela eyahlukileyo.

Umyalelo wamaJesuit

Ubupopu babandezeleka ngokuphawulekayo ngenxa yoHlaziyo. Inkxaso yafunwa kwimiyalelo ye-monastic, kodwa yayithotywe kangangokuba yayiphulukene nentlonipho phakathi kwabantu. AmaDominicans namaFranciscas, iintsalela kunye neziphoso ziye zaba zizisulu zokugculelwa nokugculelwa. Kule ngxaki, uIgnatius waseLoyola kunye namaqabane akhe banikela ngeenkonzo zabo. Babekulungele ukuya naphi na apho uPope wayebathumela khona: njengabashumayeli, abavangeli basemazweni, abafundisi, abacebisi kunye nabahlaziyi. Le yindlela owabakho ngayo umyalelo wamaJesuit, owagunyaziswa ngowe-1540. Yazisa umoya omtsha eYurophu kwaye yasasazeka ngokukhawuleza. Njengengxilimbela eyonzakeleyo, iRoma yaphakama ngokungxama ukuba iphinde izuze udumo lwayo olulahlekileyo ize iphinde yandise ummandla wayo oshwabeneyo.

counter-uhlaziyo

»Unyaka we-1540 uphawula ukuqala kwe-Counter-Reformation. Kwisithuba seminyaka engama-50, amaJesuit aseka iziseko ePeru, eAfrika, eEast Indies, eHindustan, eJapan, eTshayina, nakumahlathi aseKhanada nakwiithanga zaseMerika. Babenoonjingalwazi ababalulekileyo kwiiyunivesithi, baba ngabacebisi nezivumo zookumkani, yaye babengabona bashumayeli bamaKatolika baphum’ izandla. Ngo-1615 lo myalelo wawusele unamalungu angama-13.000. Emva koHlaziyo lwamaProtestanti, i-Counter-Reformation eyenziwe ngamaJesuit yaba ngumbutho ochazayo kumaxesha anamhlanje.”Ukholo Lwesiprofeto Loobawo Bethu, Umqulu 2, iphepha 464)

Inquisition

Ngo-1565, ubuKatolika boyiswa kwaye babuzikhusela. Kwangaxeshanye, ubuProtestanti boyisa inqaba emva kwenye. Ngowe-1566 uPius V wayihlaziya iNkundla YokuNcina Amakholwa; i-Index kunye namaJesuit aphinda ahlasela. Oku kwakuquka ukutshutshiswa eNgilani nguMary Stuart, iimfazwe zaseFransi nxamnye namaHuguenot, ukutshiswa kwabawexuki yiNkundla YokuNcina Amakholwa eSpeyin, ilinge lokutshayela amaProtestanti eNetherlands, nokuhlaselwa kweArmada yaseSpeyin ngowe-1588. Kwabekwa iincwadi zamaProtestanti. kwisalathiso ukubatshabalalisa. Ukongezelela kwaba matshini bokutshabalalisa, iRoma yabhenela ekuhlaseleni amaProtestanti ngendlela egxekayo. Ukuze ithintele ukwanda kwamaProtestanti, iRoma yamisela inkqubo yobuvangeli basemazweni kwiiNtlanga.

Isicwangciso esiyintloko sokubhideka

Akukho nanye kwezi ndlela eyakwaziyo ukuthintela uHlaziyo. Ekugqibeleni, amaJesuit avelisa icebo elitsha: azama ukuhlwayela isiphithiphithi phakathi kwabalandeli babaHlaziyi. Eyona nto yayigxininiswa kumbono wabahlaziyi besiprofeto sikaDaniyeli nesiTyhilelo, ingakumbi ngokubhekisele kumchasi-Kristu. ULuther kunye nabanye abahlaziyi babekholelwa ukuba uMchasi-Kristu uya kufumaneka kwi-popu ngokutsho kweziprofeto zikaDaniyeli. Ukuze aphambukise ingqalelo kubupopu, umJesuit uFrancisco Ribera waseSalamanca, eSpeyin, noRobert Bellarmine waseRoma banikela ingcaciso engokwekamva yesiprofeto seBhayibhile.

I-Futurism: phantse yonke into kwixesha elizayo

URibera wabela izahluko zokuqala zeSityhilelo kwiRoma yamandulo kunye abanye bakumise kwade kwabuya uYesu. UBellarmine wagxininisa ukuba iziprofeto zikaDaniyeli nezeSityhilelo zazingasebenzi kulawulo lukapopu nokuba umgaqo wosuku lonyaka wawungasebenzi kwingcaciso yesiprofeto.

»UbuProtestanti kunye nobuKatolika ngoku buchasene ngokuthe ngqo, ngakumbi kwindawo yesiprofetho, icala ngalinye libeka iingxoxo zalo. Ukungavisisani kuchazwe ngokucacileyo kwaye imfazwe phakathi kweenguqulelo ezicacileyo zamaProtestanti kunye nooPopi sele iqalile. Zombini iimbono azihambelani. Abalandeli abathembekileyo phakathi kwamaProtestanti baye baphakama ukuze bakhusele kwaye basulungekise isikolo sembali yokutolika, nangona abanye belalanisa kwaye bamkele izindululo eziphikisayo zamaKatolika, ngokukodwa ingcamango ye-preterist [ebambe ukuba iziprofeto ezininzi sele zizalisekile kwixesha elidlulileyo] «(Ibid., 506) )

Isiseko sokutolika iziprofeto zexeshana eBhayibhileni ngumgaqo wosuku lonyaka. UThomas Brightman (1562–1607), umphengululi wamaPuritan, yakhanyela ikamva Riberas kwaye waxhasa umgaqo wosuku lonyaka ekutolikeni iziprofeto zikaDaniyeli neSityhilelo.

Preterism: phantse yonke into sele izalisekile

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambilana, kwakukho amaProtestanti alalanisayo nembono yamaKatolika ngesiprofeto. Aba baquka uHugo Grotius, igqwetha elingumDatshi, ezobupolitika, umbhali-mbali nomfundisi wezakwalizwi, kwakunye noHenry Hammond, nokwaziwa ngokuba nguyise wokuhlalutywa kwebhayibhile yamaNgesi. La madoda kunye nabanye bayamkela ingcamango yamaKatolika. Ngokwale mbono, iziprofeto zesiTyhilelo zichaza uloyiso lwebandla lokuqala, elizaliseke ekuweni kohlanga lwamaYuda kunye nokuwa kweRoma yobuhedeni, yaye ngaloo ndlela zilinganiselwe kwiinkulungwane ezintandathu zokuqala emva koKristu, uNero ethathwa njengomchasi-Kristu.

»Embindini wenkulungwane ye-16, uHlaziyo lobuProtestanti lwalusele lwendele kumazwe akumntla weAlps, ngaphandle kweFransi neNetherlands. Kwakubonakala ngathi iHoly See yayilahlekelwe kakhulu yiYurophu. Kodwa iCatholic Counter-Reformation yaqalisa inkqubo yohlaziyo kwiCawa yamaRoma yaza yavelisa imiyalelo emitsha yonqulo. Icawa yenza konke eyayinako ukuze yoyise imimandla eyayilahlekile. Izixhobo zabo ezibini eziphambili yayingamaJesuit neNkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa. Eyesithathu yayiliBhunga laseTrent.« (Ibid., 526)

Phakathi kuka-1555 no-1580 abahlaziyi bahlukana baba ngamaqela amathathu: amaLuthere, amaCalvin kunye namaSocinus. Oku kwawenza buthathaka isikhundla samaProtestanti. Ekugqibeleni, amaLuthere nabalandeli bakaCalvin batshutshisana, nto leyo eyavumela ukuba amaJesuit abuyele ePoland. Kwaqhambuka iimfazwe zonqulo eFransi naseNetherlands, ezalandelwa yintsabelo enamandla yamaKatolika. Ngoxa amaProtestanti aphelelwa ligunya, iCatholic Counter-Reformation yaba namandla ngakumbi. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-16, ubuKatolika babusele bubuyele phantse kwisiqingatha seYurophu. UbuProtestanti bohlulwa baba ngamaqela amabini: amaProtestanti noHlaziyo. Kangangexesha elithile kwakubonakala ngathi ubuKatolika buya kuphinda bulawule, kodwa oku akuzange kwenzeke. Ilitye lembombo lenkululeko yomntu ngamnye lahlala lizinzile ezintliziyweni zabantu kwaye lalingenako ukucinezelwa ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, abantu bebeza kuyilwela le nkululeko phezu kwayo nje inkcaso.

AmaProtestanti kunye nokuchazwa kweziprofeto zamaxesha

Ngexesha lasemva koHlaziyo, ngenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18, amakhulu eenkcazelo zamaProtestanti zapapashwa eYurophu naseNgilani. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, imibhalo enjalo yasasazwa kwilizwekazi elikuMntla Merika. Nangona ababhali bebetolika ngokuyinxenye, bekukho ukuvumelana okumangalisayo kwiingongoma ezibalulekileyo.

Ebudeni benkulungwane ye-17, ingqalelo yehlabathi lonke yatsalela ingqalelo kwiziprofeto zikaDaniyeli, ngokukodwa iziprofeto zeentsuku ezili-1260 nezingama-2300. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, unxibelelwano phakathi kweeveki ezingama-70 kunye nesiprofeto seentsuku ezingama-2300 zaqondwa. Nangona kwakukho iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokutolika isiqalo nesiphelo sezi ziprofeto, umgaqo wosuku wonyaka wokuchazwa kwesiprofeto uye wamiselwa ngokuqinileyo kwihlabathi lamaProtestanti. Ngenkulungwane ye-18, umdla wokutolikwa kweBhayibhile wakhula ngokuthe ngcembe, ngakumbi eNgilani naseJamani. AmaHuguenot eFransi nawo ayeyiphakamisele phezulu ibhanile yesiprofeto. Ngokwembono yethu namhlanje, kucacile ukuba ezi nkqubela zavula indlela yentshukumo enkulu yeAdvent yenkulungwane ye-19.

Iminyaka Eliwaka: Uya Kubuya Nini Na UYesu Kwakhona?

»Inkulungwane ye-18 yayilixesha elizaliswe ziimbalasane yaye yaphawula ukuqosheliswa kwelona xesha likhulu lesiprofeto. Yayiyinkulungwane yokuchasana okugqithisileyo. Imbewu yamaJesuit preterist counter-interpretation yahluma yaza yaqalisa ukuthwala isiqhamo sayo esibi phakathi kwama-rationalists aseJamani, kwaye kamva phakathi kwamaqela afanayo eNgilani naseMelika. Kanye njengokuba i-premillennialist (uYesu uya kubuya ngaphambi kweminyaka eyi-1000) bayikhaba imfundiso yobuxoki ka-Augustine ye-millennium (iminyaka eyi-1000 yaqala eGolgotha ​​kwaye iyaqhubeka de kube nguKuza kweSibini), i-postmillennialism (uYesu uya kubuya emva kweminyaka eyi-1000) yatshabalalisa inxalenye enkulu yeecawa, ngesi sihlandlo zazilamlwa ngumProtestanti. Ngoku kwabakho intlekele yokusabela okukrakra kubo bonke ubuKristu, bobuxoki okanye bokwenene, xa imigaqo echuliweyo yokungakholelwa nokungakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo yafikelela incopho yayo kwiMvukelo yaseFransi (1793).

Amaxesha okugqibela aqalile

Kwelinye icala, kwakusekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1260. Abameli abaninzi bebeyilindile le nto. Babekholelwa ukuba iFransi yayinokusizisa esi siphelo. Abafundi besiprofeto abakumazwekazi amathathu babesilindele baza bayibona inzaliseko, nto leyo abayiqinisekisa ngokufanelekileyo. Ukutolikwa kwesiprofeto, ezandleni zabantu abanobuchule baseNgilani, eFransi, naseJamani, ngoku eMerika, kwaqhubeka kuhambela phambili. Iimpazamo zalungiswa kwaye imigaqo emitsha yafunyanwa. Inyikima Enkulu yaseLisbon yabonwa njengomqondiso wokuba isiphelo sisondele. Ngaphambi nje kokuphela kwenkulungwane, abantu abakumazwe amabini ahlukeneyo ngokuzimeleyo bafikelela kwisigqibo esifanayo: iiveki ezingama-70 zonyaka ziyinxalenye yokuqala yeentsuku ezingama-2300 zonyaka. Ezi yayiziimbalasane zesiprofeto zale nkulungwane intsha.« (Ibid., 640,641)

Ubalo luhamba ngentsholongwane

UIsaac Newton (1642-1727) owayengomnye wezazi zezibalo nentanda-bulumko zexesha lakhe, wanikela inkcazelo yesiprofeto ngendlela echane njengenzululwazi. Indlela awayeziqonda ngayo iziprofeto zikaDaniyeli ibonakala kwimibhalo yakhe ngalo mbandela. Ubukhulu becala wayechanekile ekutolikeni kwakhe, ngakumbi ekuqondeni kwakhe ukuba ukuhlanjululwa kwengcwele kwakukwixesha elizayo. Wayekholelwa nokuba iintsuku ezingama-2300 zowama-457 B.C.E. sele iqalile.

Kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo zehlabathi, abanye abaninzi bathabatha isiprofeto esifanayo. Amadoda afana noJohn Fletcher (1729-1785) eSwitzerland akhusela umgaqo wosuku lonyaka kunye nezinye iimfundiso ezinxulumene nokuchazwa kwesiprofeto. UJohn Gill (1697-1771) waseNgilani waxhasa ukuma kwembali ngeziprofeto zikaDaniyeli. UJohann Bengel (1687-1752) waseJamani wafundisa ukuba isilwanyana simela ubupopu kwaye ukubethelelwa kwenzeka phakathi kweveki ye-70. UJohn Petrie (1718-1792), naye owayevela eJamani, wayekholelwa ukuba iiveki ezingama-70 zaziyinxalenye yesiprofeto seentsuku ezingama-2300. Eyona nto iqhelekileyo phakathi kwamangqina amaProtestanti asemva koHlaziyo bubupopu njengoMchasi-Kristu owaxelwa kwangaphambili kunye nomgaqo wosuku lonyaka njengesitshixo sesiprofeto sexeshana. Ukususela kwiRenaissance, ukutolikwa kwesiprofeto kuye kwaqhubeka kukhula kwaye kwasasazeka.

Ukuhla kobupopu njengophawu lwamaxesha okuphela

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18, amaProtestanti ayigqala iMvukelo yamaFrentshi njengenguqulelo kwigunya elipheleleyo likapopu. Nangona abo babambelele ekutolikweni kwembali bahluke kakhulu malunga nokuqala kwexesha leentsuku ezili-1260 zoMchasi-Kristu, nangona kunjalo bavuma ukuba uneminyaka eli-1260 anayo nokuba eli xesha laliza kuphela. Xa kwaqhambuka iMvukelo yamaFrentshi, oko kwajongwa njengento eyingozi kubupopu. Yazisa ingcamango entsha yokukhululeka ekunamatheleni kwiCawa yamaRoma Katolika.

“Ukuba inkqubo yoopopu yafumana isibetho esiqatha kwiinkalo zezakwalizwi nezesiprofeto ngoHlaziyo, ngandlel’ ithile yabandezeleka ngakumbi ngenxa yokukhululwa kwengqiqo kwiMvukelo yaseFransi. Amakhamandela eenkolelo akhululwa ezihlahleni nasemaqatheni oluntu kwaye abantu baziva bekhululekile kumandla obuKatolika. ”(Ibid., 795).

Ixesha elitsha kwimbali yoluntu liya kufika

Inkulungwane ye-18 ayizange ibonakale kuphela "ngeziganeko ezikhululayo". Kwakhona kwaphawula inguqulelo kwimbali yanamhlanje. Ebudeni, ngaphambi nangemva kweli xesha, kuye kwenziwa inkqubela phambili ebonakalayo ekusebenziseni amandla omphunga, ekhatshwa luvavanyo lokuqala lokukhanya kombane nombane. Olu phuhliso lube negalelo elikhulu kwiNguquko yezoShishino, eyazisa iinguqu ezinzulu kuzo zonke iinkalo zokucinga nezenzo zomntu. Inkululeko yezobupolitika, yonqulo neyengqondo yakha isiseko sayo yonke inkqubela, kuquka ezonxibelelwano nezothutho. Inkululeko yokuthetha neyokushicilela yabangela ukuba kubekho iimvuselelo zonqulo nemigudu yobuvangeli basemazweni ehlabathini lonke, elandelwa kukusekwa kwemibutho yeBhayibhile namaphecana. Uhlaziyo kunye nophuhliso lwanwenwela nakwimimandla yemfundo, yezempilo kunye nokuzeyisa.

»Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane iimpembelelo ezinzulu zaqala ezazinokubumba inkulungwane elandelayo kwaye zisasebenza. Impembelelo yandiselwa kungekuphela nje kwixesha elizayo, kodwa nasekujongeni kwethu emva kwixesha elidlulileyo. Kwakuye ngeli xesha ukuba kwafunyanwa enye into ephawulekayo: ukufunyanwa kweLitye laseRosetta eYiputa ngo-1799.

Oku akuzange kuphelise inkungu nje eyayijinga kwiminyaka yokuqala yembali, kodwa kwasinika ukuqonda okunzulu nokubanzi ngakumbi kweBhayibhile neziprofeto zayo. Ikwasebenza njengesithintelo kwingqiqo eyasasazwa yiMvukelo yaseFransi. Ingqokelela enjalo yeziganeko ezibalulekileyo kunye nokuvela kwemimangaliso emitsha, yonke into eyaqala ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18, ikwenza kucace gca ukuba ixesha elidala laliphelile kwaye kwaqalisa ixesha elitsha, njengoko kwakuxelwe kwangaphambili sisiprofeto.” (Ibid., 796)

(Ipapashwe okokuqala ngesiJamani kwi Isiseko sethu esiluqilima Julayi 1999)