Isiprofetho seBhayibheli njengomthombo wenkululeko ehlala njalo. Ibhalwe nguKen McGaughey

Isikhathi sokufunda: imizuzu eyi-15

INguquko yasakazeka ngokushesha kulo lonke elaseYurophu ngekhulu le-16. IRoma yayikhathazekile ngezinga lokuhlubuka futhi yazimisela ukukumisa. Nokho, ushushiso aluzange luphumelele njengoba iRoma yayinethemba. Kunalokho, lapho amaProthestani ecindezelwa ngokwengeziwe, ayeqina nakakhulu. Yingakho benqume indlela ehlukile.

I-oda lamaJesuit

Ubupapa babhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu ngenxa yeNguquko. Kwafunwa ukusekelwa emiyalelweni yezindela, kodwa yayiwohlokile kangangokuthi yayingasenanhlonipho phakathi kwabantu. AmaDominicans namaFranciscas, izinsalela nezenzo zokuzijabulisa kwase kuphenduke inhlekisa nokudelelwa. Kule nkinga, u-Ignatius waseLoyola nabangane bakhe banikela ngezinkonzo zabo. Babelungele ukuya nomaphi lapho uPapa ayezobathumela khona: njengabashumayeli, izithunywa zevangeli, othisha, abeluleki nabaguquli. Yaqala kanjalo-ke i-oda lamaJesuit, elagunyazwa ngo-1540. Yaletha umoya ohlanzekile eYurophu futhi yasakazeka ngokushesha. Njengomdondoshiya olimele, iRoma yasukuma ngokulangazela ukuze iphinde ithole isithunzi sayo esilahlekile futhi yandise kabusha indawo yayo enciphile.

ukumelana nezinguquko

»Unyaka we-1540 uphawula ukuqala kwe-Counter-Reformation. Phakathi neminyaka engu-50, amaJesuit asungula izizinda ePeru, e-Afrika, e-East Indies, eHindustan, eJapane, eChina, kanye nasemahlathini aseCanada nasemakoloni aseMelika. Babenoprofesa obalulekile emanyuvesi, baba abeluleki nabavuma izono kumakhosi, futhi babengabashumayeli bamaKatolika abafeke kakhulu. Ngo-1615 lo myalelo wawusunamalungu angu-13.000. Ngemva kweNguquko YamaProthestani, i-Counter-Reformation yamaJesuit yaba inhlangano echazayo ezikhathini zanamuhla.”Ukholo Lwesiprofetho Lobaba Wethu, Umq. 2, ikhasi 464)

Zamacala Ezihlubuki zangeNkathi Ephakathi

Ngo-1565, ubuKatolika babuhlukunyezwa futhi buzivikela. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ubuProthestani banqoba inqaba ngemva kwenye. Ngo-1566 uPius V wavuselela ukuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki; i-Index namaJesuit baphinde bahlasela futhi. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa ukushushiswa kukaMary Stuart eNgilandi, izimpi zaseFrance ngokumelene namaHuguenot, ukushiswa kwezihlubuki yiNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki eSpain, umzamo wokuqothula amaProthestani eNetherlands, nokuhlasela kwe-Armada YaseSpain ngo-1588. Kwahanjiswa izincwadi zamaProthestani. kunkomba ukuze ababhubhise. Ngaphezu kwale mishini yokucekela phansi, iRoma yaphinde yaphendukela ekuhlaseleni amaProthestani ngonya. Ukuze kunqandwe ukusabalala kobuProthestani, iRoma yaqala isimiso sezithunywa zevangeli kwabeZizwe.

Isu elihle lokudideka

Ayikho kulezi zindlela eyakwazi ukumisa iNguquko. Ekugcineni, amaJesuit asungula isu elisha: afuna ukutshala ukudideka phakathi kwabalandeli babashisekeli beNguquko. Kwakugxilwe kakhulu ekuchazeni iziprofetho zabaguquli ngoDaniyeli nesAmbulo, ikakhulukazi mayelana noMphikukristu. ULuther kanye nabanye abashisekeli benguquko babekholelwa ukuthi umphik’ukristu uzotholakala embusweni wobupapa ngokweziprofetho zikaDaniyeli. Ukuze achezukise ukunaka kobupapa, umJesuit uFrancisco Ribera waseSalamanca, eSpain, noRobert Bellarmine waseRoma banikeza incazelo engokwekusasa yesiprofetho seBhayibheli.

I-Futurism: cishe yonke into esikhathini esizayo

URibera wabela iRoma lasendulo izahluko zokuqala zesAmbulo kanye wakuhlehlisa okunye kwaze kwabuya uJesu. UBellarmine wagcizelela ukuthi iziprofetho zikaDaniyeli nesAmbulo zazingasebenzi emandleni opapa nokuthi isimiso sosuku lonyaka asisebenzi ekuchazeni okungokwesiprofetho.

»UbuProthestani nobuKatolika manje sebuphikisana ngokuqondile, ikakhulukazi endaweni yesiprofetho, uhlangothi ngalunye lubeka izimpikiswano zalo. Ukungaboni ngaso linye kushiwo ngokucacile futhi impi phakathi kwezincazelo ezihluke ngokusobala zobuProthestani nobuPapa isiqalile. Womabili amaphuzu okubuka awahambisani. Abalandeli abathembekile phakathi kwamaProthestani baye basukuma ukuze bavikele futhi bacwengisise isikole somlando wokuhumusha, nakuba abanye beyekethisa futhi bamukele iziphakamiso eziphikisayo zamaKhatholika, ikakhulukazi umqondo wangaphambi kobufundisi [obamba ukuthi iziprofetho eziningi sezigcwalisekile kakade esikhathini esidlule] «(Ibid., 506) )

Isisekelo sokuhumusha iziprofetho zesikhashana eBhayibhelini isimiso sosuku lonyaka. UThomas Brightman (1562-1607), isazi samaPuritan, ifuturism ephikisiwe Riberas futhi wasekela isimiso sosuku lonyaka ekuchazeni iziprofetho zikaDaniyeli nesAmbulo.

I-Preterism: cishe yonke into isivele igcwalisekile

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, kwakukhona amaProthestani avumelana nombono wamaKatolika ngesiprofetho. Laba bahlanganisa uHugo Grotius, ummeli ongumDashi, usombusazwe, isazi-mlando nesazi sezenkolo, kanye noHenry Hammond, owaziwa nangokuthi unguyise wokugxeka iBhayibheli lesiNgisi. La madoda kanye nabanye bamukela inkolelo-mbono yamaKatolika. Ngokwalo mbono, iziprofetho zesAmbulo zichaza ukunqoba kwebandla lokuqala, okugcwaliseke ekuweni kwesizwe samaJuda kanye nokuwa kweRoma yobuqaba, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kunqunyelwe emakhulwini ayisithupha okuqala emva kukaKristu, uNero ebhekwa njengoMphik'ukristu.

»Maphakathi nekhulu le-16, iNguquko YamaProthestani yase inezimpande eziqinile emazweni asenyakatho ye-Alps, ngaphandle kwaseFrance naseNetherlands. Kwabonakala sengathi i-Holy See yayilahlekelwe kakhulu yiYurophu. Kodwa i-Catholic Counter-Reformation yaqala uhlelo lwezinguquko eSontweni LamaRoma futhi yakha imithetho emisha yenkolo. Isonto lenza konke elalingakwenza ukuze liphinde linqobe izindawo ezazilahlekile. Amathuluzi abo amabili ayinhloko kwakungamaJesuit kanye neNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki. Owesithathu kwakunguMkhandlu waseTrent.« (Ibid., 526)

Phakathi kuka-1555 no-1580 abaguquli bahlukana baba amaqembu amathathu: amaLuthela, amaCalvinist kanye namaSocinus. Lokhu kwenza ubuProthestani buthaka. Ekugcineni, amaLuthela nabalandeli bakaCalvin bashushisana, okwavumela amaJesuit ukuba aphinde abuyele ePoland. Kwagqashuka izimpi zenkolo eFrance naseNetherlands, okwalandelwa ukusabela okunamandla kwamaKatolika. Nakuba amaProthestani ephelelwa amandla, i-Catholic Counter-Reformation yaqina. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, ubuKatolika base buphinde bazuza cishe ingxenye yeYurophu. UbuProthestani bahlukaniswa baba amaqembu amabili: AmaProthestani neReformed. Okwesikhashana kwabonakala sengathi ubuKatolika buzophinde bulawule, kodwa lokhu kwakungeke kwenzeke. Isisekelo senkululeko yomuntu siqu sahlala sigxilile ezinhliziyweni zabantu futhi sasingenakucindezelwa ngokuphelele. Uma kunesidingo, abantu bebeyolwela le nkululeko naphezu kwakho konke ukuphikiswa.

AmaProthestani kanye nokuchazwa kweziprofetho zezikhathi

Enkathini yangemva kweNguquko, ekhulwini le-17 nele-18, kwanyatheliswa amakhulu ezincwadi zamaProthestani eYurophu naseNgilandi. Ngokokuqala ngqá, imibhalo enjalo yasakazwa ezwenikazi laseNyakatho Melika. Naphezu kwezincazelo ezihlukene zababhali, kwaba khona ukuvumelana okumangalisayo ngamaphuzu abalulekile.

Phakathi nekhulu le-17, ukunakekela emhlabeni wonke kwagxila eziprofethweni zikaDaniyeli, ikakhulukazi eziprofethweni zezinsuku ezingu-1260 nezingu-2300. Ngokokuqala ngqa, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamasonto angama-70 kanye nesiprofetho sezinsuku ezingama-2300 kwaqashelwa. Nakuba kwakunezincazelo ezihlukahlukene zokuqala nokuphela kwalezi ziprofetho, isimiso sosuku lonyaka sokuchazwa kwesiprofetho samiswa ngokuqinile ezweni lamaProthestani. Ngekhulu le-18, isithakazelo ekuchazeni iBhayibheli sakhula kancane kancane, ikakhulukazi eNgilandi naseJalimane. AmaHuguenot eFrance nawo aphakamisa ibhanela eliyisiprofetho. Ngokombono wethu namuhla, kusobala ukuthi lezi zenzakalo zavula indlela yenhlangano enkulu ye-Advent yekhulu le-19.

Iminyaka Eyinkulungwane: Uyobuya Nini UJesu Futhi?

»Ikhulu le-18 laliyisikhathi esigcwele amaphuzu avelele futhi laphawula isiphetho sesinye sezinkathi ezingokwesiprofetho ezinkulu kakhulu. Kwakuyikhulu leminyaka lokuqhathanisa okwedlulele. Imbewu yamaJesuit preterist counter-interpretation yahluma futhi yaqala ukuthela izithelo zayo ezimbi phakathi kwama-rationalists aseJalimane, futhi kamuva phakathi kwamaqembu afanayo eNgilandi naseMelika. Njengoba nje ama-premillennialist (uJesu uzobuya ngaphambi kweminyaka eyi-1000) benqaba imfundiso yamanga ka-Augustine yeminyaka eyinkulungwane (iminyaka eyi-1000 yaqala eGolgotha ​​futhi iyaqhubeka kuze kube Ukubuya Kwesibili), i-postmillennialism (uJesu uzobuya emva kweminyaka eyi-1000) wabhubhisa ingxenye enkulu yamasonto, kulokhu elamulelwa umProthestani. Ngalokhu kwafika usizi lokusabela okubuhlungu kubo bonke ubuKristu, obungamanga noma obungokoqobo, lapho izimiso ezicashile zokungakholwa nokungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu zifinyelela umvuthwandaba wazo ngeNguquko YaseFrance (1793).

Izikhathi zokuphela seziqalile

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwaba ukuphela kwawo-1260. Abameli abaningi bebekulindile lokhu. Babekholelwa ukuthi iFrance ingasiqeda lesi siphetho. Abafundi besiprofetho emazwekazini amathathu babesilindele futhi bakubona ukugcwaliseka, abakuqinisekisa ngokufanelekile. Ukuhumusha okungokwesiprofetho, ezandleni zabantu abanekhono eNgilandi, eFrance, naseJalimane, futhi manje eMelika, kwaqhubeka kuthuthuka. Amaphutha alungiswa futhi kwatholakala imigomo emisha. Ukuzamazama Okukhulu Komhlaba eLisbon kwabonwa njengophawu lokuthi ukuphela kwase kuseduze. Ngaphambi nje kokuphela kwaleli khulu leminyaka, abantu basemazweni amabili ahlukene bafinyelela esiphethweni esifanayo ngokuzimela: amasonto angu-70 onyaka ayingxenye yokuqala yezinsuku ezingu-2300 zonyaka. Lezi kwakuyiziprofetho ezivelele zaleli khulu leminyaka elisha.« (Ibid., 640,641)

Izibalo zihamba ngegciwane

U-Isaac Newton (1642-1727), omunye wezihlakaniphi zezibalo nezefilosofi zesikhathi sakhe, wafinyelela incazelo engokwesiprofetho ngendlela enembayo efana neyesayensi. Ukuqonda kwakhe iziprofetho zikaDaniyeli kubonakala emibhalweni yakhe ngale ndaba. Ngokwengxenye enkulu wayeqinisile ekuchazeni kwakhe, ikakhulukazi ekuqondeni kwakhe ukuthi ukuhlanzwa kwendlu engcwele kwakusesikhathini esizayo. Wayekholelwa nokuthi izinsuku ezingu-2300 ngo-457 B.C.E. kwase kuqalile.

Ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba, abanye abaningi bathatha indlela efanayo engokwesiprofetho. Amadoda anjengoJohn Fletcher (1729-1785) eSwitzerland avikela isimiso sosuku lonyaka nezinye izimfundiso ezihlobene nokuchazwa kwesiprofetho. UJohn Gill (1697-1771) eNgilandi wasekela ukuma okungokomlando ngeziprofetho zikaDaniyeli. UJohann Bengel (1687-1752) waseJalimane wafundisa ukuthi isilwane sasimelela ubupapa nokuthi ukubethelwa kwenzeka phakathi nesonto lama-70. UJohn Petrie (1718-1792), naye waseJalimane, wayekholelwa ukuthi amasonto angama-70 ayingxenye yesiprofetho sezinsuku ezingama-2300. Isici esivamile esigqamayo phakathi kofakazi bamaProthestani bangemva kweNguquko upapa njengoMphik’ukristu owabikezelwa kanye nesimiso sosuku lonyaka njengesihluthulelo sesiprofetho sesikhashana. Kusukela ngeRenaissance, ukuhunyushwa okungokwesiprofetho kuye kwaqhubeka kwanda futhi kwasabalala.

Ukwehla kobupapa njengophawu lwezikhathi zokuphela

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, amaProthestani abheka iNguquko YaseFrance njengenkathi yoshintsho emandleni aphelele opapa. Nakuba abalandeli bencazelo yomlando bahluka kakhulu ngokuqala kwenkathi yoMphik'ukristu wezinsuku eziyi-1260, nokho bavumelana ngokuthi uneminyaka engu-1260 esandleni sakhe nokuthi lesi sikhathi sase sizophela. Lapho kugqashuka iNguquko YaseFrance, kwabonakala njengegalelo elibulalayo kupapa. Kwaletha umqondo omusha wokukhululeka ekuzihlanganiseni neSonto LamaRoma Katolika.

“Uma isimiso sobupapa sabhekana negalelo elinzima emkhakheni wemfundiso yenkolo nengokwesiprofetho ngeNguquko, ngomqondo othile sabhekana negalelo elikhulu nakakhulu ngokukhululeka kokucabanga ngeNguquko YaseFrance. Amaketango enkolelo-ze akhumulwa ezihlakaleni nasemaqakaleni esintwini futhi abantu bazizwa bekhululekile emandleni obuKatolika." (Ibid., 795).

Inkathi entsha emlandweni wesintu iyaqalaza

Ikhulu le-18 alizange libonakale kuphela "ngemicimbi yenkululeko". Kwaphawula noshintsho emlandweni wanamuhla. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ngaphambi nangemva kwalesi sikhathi, kwenziwa intuthuko enkulu ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla esitimu, okuhambisana nokuhlolwa kokuqala kokukhanya kukagesi nogesi. Lezi zenzakalo zaba negalelo elikhulu ekuVuselweni Kwezimboni, okwaletha izinguquko ezinkulu kuyo yonke imikhakha yemicabango nezenzo zabantu. Inkululeko yezombangazwe, yenkolo nengokwengqondo yaba isisekelo sayo yonke intuthuko, kuhlanganise nezokuxhumana nezokuthutha. Inkululeko yokukhuluma neyokunyathelisa yenza kwaba nezivuselelo ezingokwenkolo nemizamo yezithunywa zevangeli emhlabeni wonke, okwalandelwa ukusungulwa kwezinhlangano zeBhayibheli namapheshana. Inguquko kanye nentuthuko yadlulela nasezindaweni zezemfundo, ezempilo kanye nezokuzithiba.

»Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka amathonya ajulile aqala ayezololonga ikhulu leminyaka elilandelayo futhi asasebenza. Umthelela awuzange udlulele esikhathini esizayo kuphela, kodwa nasekubukeni kwethu emuva esikhathini esedlule. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi lapho kwatholakala khona okunye ukutholakala okubalulekile: ukutholakala kwetshe laseRosetta eGibhithe ngo-1799.

Lokhu akugcinanga nje ngokuqeda inkungu eyayilenga ezinkathini zokuqala zomlando, kodwa futhi kwasinika ukuqonda okujulile nokuphelele kweBhayibheli neziprofetho zalo. Iphinde yasebenza njengekhambi le-rationalism esakazwa iNguquko YaseFrance. Iqoqo elinjalo lezenzakalo ezibalulekile nokuvela kwezimangaliso ezintsha, zonke ezaqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, likwenza kucace ukuthi inkathi endala yayiphelile futhi kwase kuqalile inkathi entsha, njengoba kwakubikezelwe yisiprofetho.” (Ibid., 796)

(Ishicilelwe okokuqala ngesiJalimane ngo Isisekelo sethu esiqinile Julayi 1999)